System and method for biomass growth and processing

ABSTRACT

A system comprising a collocated thermal plant, water source, CO2 source and biomass growth module is disclosed. A method of improving the environment by utilizing the system is disclosed.

FIELD

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority from, allowedapplication Ser. No. 15/396,634 filed on Dec. 31, 2016; which is acontinuation of, and claims priority from, application No.PCT/US16/37002, filed on Jun. 10, 2016; which claims priority fromprovisional applications No. 62/255,331 filed on Nov. 13, 2015, No.62/242,984 filed on Oct. 16, 2015, and 62/173,905, filed on Jun. 10,2015. This application claims priority from all these patentapplications as well as incorporates by reference all their teachingsinto this application.

The present disclosure relates to the field of private, public ormunicipal infrastructure and utility services and fields of renewableenergy, biofuels, water treatment and environmental conservation andremediation.

Many different power generation and industrial systems involving the useof heat may be in use worldwide. These systems may use fuels of manytypes to produce power through a variety of processes. Combustion-basedthermal power plants may also discharge carbon dioxide and other gasesinto the environment. It is generally recognized that carbon dioxide isa gas that produces an atmospheric greenhouse-effect, the excessproduction of which has a detrimental effect on climate worldwide. Also,power plants may discharge waste heat in ways which produceenvironmental damage. Other industrial systems discharge pollution inways that may be destructive to the environment.

Thus, there may be a need to provide thermal energy production and otherindustrial processes that minimize the production and discharge ofexcess, or waste, carbon dioxide, heat, and other byproducts.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a means of abating carbon dioxide andother gases generated by thermal plants through the growth of biomass,which uses these normally harmful emissions to produce biofuels andother useful products. Biofuels and/or biomass generated may also becomea source of fuel for a thermal plant where appropriate. Water treatmentmethods and heat, water, and other byproduct abatement and resourceconservation technologies may be incorporated e.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a biomass growthmodule optionally fuelable by an exhaust gas comprising carbon dioxidefrom a thermal plant; wherein the thermal plant may be optionallyfuelable by a biomass and/or biofuel outflow fluid from the biomassgrowth module and wherein the biomass and/or biofuel outflow fluid maybe optionally refined by the thermal plant and wherein the exhaust gasmay provide a substantial portion of the carbon content of the biomassand/or biofuel outflow fluid.

In certain embodiments, e.g., those represented by FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B,11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C,20D and/or other figures and embodiments regarding heat capture and/ortransfer, the present disclosure relates to a method of providing acooling fluid, e.g., a necessary cooling water, to a thermal plant,while concurrently making productive use of the waste heat energygenerated by the thermal plant, which waste heat may otherwise be simplydischarged unproductively, and at times, destructively, into theenvironment. The waste heat may be used productively, e.g., to regulatebioreactor temperature and/or in a process to refine water, fuels,and/or biomass produced in a biomass growth module into useful products.In certain embodiments, e.g., those represented by FIG. 3, FIG. 4 and/orother embodiments regarding the use of water and/or carbon dioxide e.g.,in the Plan, the present disclosure relates to an integrated approach tominimization of CO₂ emissions, power generation, biofuel production,efficient use of heat and water, as well as production ofbiomass-derived non-fuel products, and treatment of wastewater andwaste-to-energy in some embodiments. Various embodiments provide for awide variety of other water sources or combinations to be used toprovide a medium for biomass and/or biofuel production and CO₂abatement, with conservation of water and heat energy.

In an embodiment, one or more water sources may be provided for biomassgrowth, wherein the water may be wastewater, salt water, brackish water,purified water, potable water, non-potable water, and/or brine. Theamount of carbon in the water may be from less than 0.1% to 15% byweight, or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15percent by weight or from one integer to another in the preceding arrayof numbers, e.g., from about 3% to about 8%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a design according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of heat flow within the Planaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a fluid/water flow within thePlan according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of carbon dioxide flow within thePlan according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a biomass growth unit designconfiguration according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a second schematic representation of biomass growth designconfiguration according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A is a schematic representation of a thermal plant exhaust gasrecovery design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 7B is a schematic representation of a second thermal plant exhaustgas recovery design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a design for light wavelengthselection in a biomass growth unit according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a hydrothermal liquefactionsystem according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of biofuel and biomass and otherfuel flow within the Plan according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of thermal plant inflows andoutflows according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12A is a schematic representation of heated or cooled fluid flowaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12B is a second schematic representation of heated or cooled fluidflow according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12C is a third schematic representation of heated or cooled fluidflow according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12D is a fourth schematic representation of heated or cooled fluidflow according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12E is a fifth schematic representation of heated or cooled fluidflow according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of air treatment and odor controlaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of a biomass processing plant(BPP) and processing downstream from the thermal plant and biomassgrowth unit according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 15A is a schematic representation of a first heat transfer moduleaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 15B is a schematic representation of a second heat transfer moduleaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of a Rankine cycle incorporatedinto a design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a schematic representation of a simple cycle systemintegrated into a design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of a combined cycle systemintegrated into a design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 is a schematic representation of an open Rankine cycleincorporated into a design according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 20A is a perspective view of a boiler according to the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 20B is a sectional view of the boiler of FIG. 20A according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 20C is a top view of the boiler of FIG. 20A according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 20D is a bottom view of the boiler of FIG. 20A according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a vapor compression steam stripping system for use e.g., inthe Plan of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a Two-Pass Wet Scrubber for NOx Reduction according to thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a schematic representation of pressure use, recovery andreuse within the Plan according to the present disclosure.

FIGS. 24A, 24B, and 24C are representations labeled 24 A-M of selectinfrastructure sharing and other example synergies within the Planaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 is a schematic representation of oxygen flow within the Planaccording to the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 is a schematic representation of a Catalytic HydrothermalGasification system at subcritical conditions for use e.g., in the Planof the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 is a schematic representation of a Catalytic HydrothermalGasification system for use e.g., in the Plan of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28 is a schematic representation of a design according to thedisclosure. Within this figure no line intersects, although representedin that manner.

DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “carbon dioxide” means the molecule CO₂, which is in gas,liquid, supercritical liquid, and/or solid form or phase, optionallymixed with other gases, liquids and/or solids.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “ambient carbon dioxide”, or “ambient CO₂” may mean carbondioxide in ambient air, captured from ambient air and/or carbon dioxidecaptured using capture technology, for example, the following referencesare incorporated herein by reference and relied upon AlgaeAirFix(http://energyenvironment.pmml.gov/highlights/highlight.aspid=1754) andGlobal Thermostat(http://globalthermostat.com/what-we-do/about-carbon-capture-and-use/).

The term “NOx” means oxides of nitrogen.

The term “SOx” means oxides of sulfur.

The term, “In an embodiment” may mean “In one or more embodiments”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “thermal plant technology”, or “thermal plant system” may meana technology type which may be comprised by a thermal plant.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “system” may mean “technology.”

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “fuelable” may mean “configured to receive fuel”, “configuredto receive fuel from”, or “configured to receive fuel by”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, the term

“WTE system” may “WTE technology”, or “WTE module”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “offsite” may mean sited, or at, or in, a location away from,e.g., proximate to, or adjacent to, a located, or collocated system,module, unit, and/or subunit. Offsite may mean a distance to or from alocated, or collocated system, module, unit, and/or subunit of fromabout 0.1 km to about 20 km, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5 km, or fromabout 0. 1 to about 1 km, or from about 0.1 to about 2 km, from about0.1 km to about 5 km, or from about 0.1 to about 10 km, or from about0.1 to about 20 km or from about 0.1 to about 50 km or from about 0.1 toabout 100 km, or from about 10 to about 1000 km.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “offsite carbon dioxide”, or “offsite CO₂” may mean carbondioxide introduced to the Plan from outside the Plan, or offsite.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “carbon dioxide storage”, or “CO2 storage” may mean a module ormodules or a process(es) configured to store carbon dioxide optionallymixed with other gases and/or other materials in any phase. Carbondioxide storage may comprise any carbon dioxide storage technique(s) orconfiguration known to those in the art, optionally comprising CCS,storage as a gas in a container at ambient pressure, storage inpressurized tanks, storage as a liquid, storage as a solid and/or anymixture of different phases.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claims,the term “input”, or “inflow”, or “flow” may mean anything that may beintroduced into a module, unit, or subunit, which may be denoted in thefigures of this disclosure by a line or arrow connected to a box,wherein the line or arrow represents an input, and the box represents amodule, unit, or subunit. In this sense, a module may be configured tocommunicate with and/or be joined to and/or connected to an input.Inputs or outputs (see below) may be accomplished as described hereinand/or by any means known to those in the art (e.g., fluids may be pipedinto or out of a module motivated by a blower or pump, solids may bebrought into and/or out of a module in containers, etc.).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “inject” may mean to input or to create in input, or to beginan input; or a module may be configured to receive and/or to provide theinjection or input.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “output”, or “outflow”, or “flow”, or “discharge”, or“discharges”, or “emit”, or “emission”, or “dump” may mean anything thatexits or may be removed and/or the process of removal from a module,unit, subunit, or technology which may be denoted in the figures of thisdisclosure by a line or arrow connected to a box representing themodule, unit, or subunit or technology. In this sense, a module may beconfigured to be in communication and/or connected to an output. Anoutput may be accomplished as described herein and/or by any means knownto those in the art (e.g., fluids may be piped out of a module motivatedby a blower or pump, solids may be brought out of module in containers,etc.).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “emitter”, may mean any module, unit, subunit, technology,component or feature which emits.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “flow” may mean an input, an output, or a movement of a fluidor fluids, e.g., through, or along, or within, an input or an output.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “discharge” may also mean to release into the environment,and/or an output from a module. Unless otherwise stated or defined inthis specification and/or claims the term “discharge”, or “export”, or“discharge/export”, or “export/discharge” may mean to send offsite.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “discharge section” may mean a portion designed to discharge(e.g., a section of an exhaust gas recovery design (e.g., FIGS. 7A or7B) designed to discharge gases into the environment).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “exhaust gas recovery module” may mean a module designed toprocess exhaust gases through a variety of steps in order to prepare thegases, heat, pollutants, water, and/or other fluids derived from theprocessing as an input into a BGM, storage, and/or other use(s) in thePlan, e.g., 707.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “motive device” many mean any technology known to the personof skill in the art for moving materials, wherein the materialsoptionally comprise fluids.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “exhaust gas” may mean an output of gaseous effluent from athermal plant and/or other thermal process.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe terms “purification”, or “processing”, or “purification/processing”,or “processing/treatment” may mean removal of impurities, separation,drying, addition of chemicals, adjustment of pH, temperature change,transfer of heat and/or cooling, combination with other fluids and/orother materials and/or any other methods herein disclosed and/or thoseknown to the person of skill in the art which may be applied to modifythe characteristics of a fluid and/or other material.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “water use/reuse/processing/treatment/distribution” may meanreclaiming water output(s) from modules, optional “processing/treatment”of the water, and distribution of the water to the same and/or othermodules in any manner disclosed herein and/or in any means known to theperson of skill in the art. Distribution may comprise piping of thewater optionally with pumps. These processes may be conducted in one ormore separate units and/or grids for water of different characteristics(e.g., salinity, biomass content, heat content, pH, etc.), and/or wateroutputs of any kind may be combined.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term water storage may mean any means described herein and/or knownto the person of skill in the art for storing water. Water storage maycomprise one or more separate modules or units which may be used tostore water of different characteristics separately and/or as a mixturein any phase.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “fresh water source” may mean any source of fresh wateroptionally comprising wastewater, optionally comprising any techniqueand/or equipment known to the person of skill in the art to bring thewater to the Plan.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “water intake (salt water)” may mean any intake or input, ortechnique and/or equipment to bring salt water, brackish water, and/orhigh salinity water into the Plan either combined and/or separately,optionally comprising a deep sea, and/or near shore intake on a saltwater body.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “module” may mean an optionally detachable section with one ormore functions. A module may comprise one or more units, subunits and/ortechnologies. A module may comprise any technology, structure and/orequipment known to the person of skill in the art to enable and/orsupport its function individually and/or as integrated into the Plan.Where a module comprises different technologies with infrastructure incommon, technologies comprised by that module may combine and share anyinfrastructure in common, may maintain separate infrastructure, or maycombine and share some infrastructure in common. Any term depictedinside a box on a figure in the present disclosure may be a module, aunit, a subunit and/or a technology comprised by a module, unit, orsubunit.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “unit” may mean an optionally detachable section with one ormore functions. The term “unit” may be interchangeable with the term“module”. A module may comprise one or more “unit(s)”. A “unit” maycomprise one or more “subunit(s)” and/or “technolog(ies)”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “submodule” may mean “unit”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “subunit” may mean an optionally detachable section with one ormore functions. The term “subunit” may be interchangeable with the term“module”, or the term, “unit”. One or more “subunit(s)” may be comprisedby a “module” and/or by a “unit”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “system” may mean a whole comprising related things, or a“system” may mean an optionally integrated system or configurationcomprising one or more of the following features: power generation,emissions capture, water treatment and/or fuel generation. A system maymean an optionally collocated and/or optionally integrated system or anintegrated configuration of one or more modules, one or more units,and/or one or more subunits, one or more technologies, one or morecomponents, and/or one or more features comprising one or more of thefollowing features: power generation, emissions capture, watertreatment, fuel generation, biomass production, biofuel generation,water treatment, water use, waste treatment, e.g., solid wastetreatment, waste water treatment, gaseous emissions treatment, freshwater production, and/or salt water discharge mitigation. A system maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of, one or moremodules, one or more units, and/or one or more subunits, and/or one ormore technologies comprising one or more of the following features:power generation, emissions capture, water treatment, fuel generation,biomass production, biofuel generation, water treatment, water use,waste treatment, e.g., solid waste treatment, waste water treatment,gaseous emissions treatment, fresh water production, and/or salt waterdischarge mitigation. By the term “consisting essentially of” may bemeant a description or recitation of one or more modules, one or moreunits, or one or more subunits that that do not materially affectcharacteristics, e.g., the basic and novel characteristics, of thedescribed or recited system.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “fermentation vessel, module or tank” may mean a container togrow biomass without light.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “design” may mean a system, a configuration, a combination ofsystems, an association of systems, and/or modules optionally in fluidand/or electronic communication.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Plan”, or “the Plan”, or “design”, or “the design” may mean asystem of the present disclosure, the whole of the disclosure eitherwith or without any optional modules, flows, synergies, communicationsand/or connections between modules. “Plan” may comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of, the sum of all systems, technologiesand/or other features of the disclosure. “Plan” may comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of any embodiment of the disclosure. “Plan”comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a system. “Plan” maycomprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a design. “Plan” maycomprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a grid of thedisclosure. A plan may be collocated. A plan may comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of one or more systems, one or more modules,one or more units, and/or one or more subunits, all of which are inoperative communication with one another.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “plant”, or “plant module” may mean a module of any kind whichperforms a technical function. It does not imply necessarily a separatebuilding or structure, and may be connected to and/or partiallyintegrated into other modules, technologies, or other features of thedisclosure.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermal plant”, or “Thermal Plant”, or “thermal plant module”may be defined as a plant or other industrial system where heat and/orcarbon dioxide may be produced in any aspect of its operation, e.g., toproduce power and/or work, to process materials (e.g. factories), and/orsystems that in any way, support these plants and/or industrial systems.A thermal plant may mean a plant combusting fuel, biomass and/or wasteto produce energy and/or other processes that involve heat and/or carbondioxide in any phase of operation. A thermal plant may comprise anypower generating plant, optionally comprising all fossil fuel-firedplants, nuclear, solar thermal, geothermal, and other power plants,and/or non-power generating plants optionally comprising a steel plant,a cement plant, a paper mill, a textile mill, a metal manufacturingplant, and another industrial plant. A thermal plant may also compriseone or more modules, technologies, or features used to generateprecursor fuels for combustion, such as cellulosic ethanol, pyrolysis,HTP module(s), and/or other technologies that may generate fuels frombiomass, waste, and/or by other mechanisms. A thermal plant may alsocomprise any additional attachment, or adjunct, or associated modulesand/or technologies available for thermal plant technologies know tothose of skill in the art, and/or other system(s), technologies,components, or features to support thermal plant operations, comprisingthose designed to treat, purify, and/or prepare fuels for use in thermalplant technologies, cool thermal plant processes, treat emissions of anyoutflows, to increase efficiency, such as waste heat power generationmodules, to convert waste heat to cooling (e.g., cogeneration), and/orto convey inputs and/or outputs to and/or from the thermal plant,different thermal plant modules, and/or other modules in system or Plan.A thermal plant may comprise any number of the modules and/ortechnologies described herein as thermal plant modules and/ortechnologies either as separate systems and/or sharing commoninfrastructure and/or resources as described herein and/or as known tothe person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermal power plant”, or “power plant technology” may mean athermal plant and/or individual technology partly or fully comprised bya thermal plant which produces power.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermal plant heat and/or pressure intensive processes” maymean any process(es) in the thermal plant, a thermal plant technologyand/or connected to, and/or supporting the operations of a thermal plantwhich may involve the use of heat and/or pressure.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “combustion process” may mean any process involving combustion.It may mean a Thermal Plant technology which uses or involves combustion(e.g., of a fuel).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “conduit” may mean a pipe, tube, duct, line, channel, trench,or other conveyance. It may mean a structure, system or feature toenclose, combine, protect, and/or connect one or more pipes, tubes,ducts, lines, channels, trenches, or other conveyances.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “energy” may mean a force moved through a distance. The terms“work” and “energy” may be understood as interchangeable. For example, aunit of energy may be a joule, which may be energy needed to pushagainst a force of one newton for one meter.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat” may mean the random kinetic energy of atoms, molecules,and/or ions in a substance.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermal energy” may mean energy in heat form. For example, akilojoule (1000 joules) may be dissipated in 50 cc of water to raise thetemperature of water by about 5° C.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “cooling” may mean any means to reduce the heat of one or moresubstances. It may mean a system capable of cooling a material. It maymean a cool or cold material(s) optionally comprising a fluid capable ofbeing used to produce cooling. Some examples of cooling may comprisedirect interaction, mixing and/or other contact of a cooler materialwith a warmer one, and/or indirect interaction of a cooler material witha warmer one, such as in a heat exchange, and/or usingcondensation/evaporation and/or pressure, e.g., a heat pump, and/or anyother means known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat and/or cooling”, or “heat/cooling”, or “heating/cooling”,or “heating and/or cooling”, may mean one or more of the followingfeatures, optionally in multiples: heat, a flow of heat, cooling, a flowof cooling, and/or any combination thereof.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat/cooling storage” may mean the storage of heat and/or coldin any means known to the person of skill in the art. Heat and/orcooling may be stored in multiple separate units within a heat/coolingstorage module based on the particular temperature and/or temperaturerange(s) of the stored substance(s).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “additional heat” may mean heat which may be added in additionto heat that has already been added to a material and/or process(optionally comprising a fluid) by another process(es). For example,waste heat may be used to provide initial heating of a material, andanother heat source may be used to further elevate the temperature for adesired application (e.g., a heat exchanger, a burner).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “preheating/cooling”, or “pre-heating/cooling” may mean heatingand/or cooling applied in preparation for a process or module.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pretreatment” may mean any means of treatment known to theperson of skill in the art to prepare a material, optionally comprisinga fluid and/or flow for another process. For example, pretreatment ofwater may comprise purification, addition of chemicals, adjustment ofpH, temperature change, mixing with other water sources and/or any othermeans known to the person of skill in the art for preparation of waterfor use in a particular process.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “water” may mean one or more of the following features: freshwater, wastewater, treated wastewater, salt water, brackish water, highsalinity water, steam, water output inflow fluid, water input, outflowfluid and/or water output comprising any water in the disclosed Plan(e.g., FIG. 3), any other water source or any mixture of the foregoing,optionally mixed with biomass, biocrude, fuel and/or biofuel of anydescription, pollutants, minerals, and/or other materials. Water may bein any phase(s) or form, comprising liquid, supercritical liquid,gaseous, and/or solid phases. Water transfer from any module to anothermay comprise phase change of any kind, mixing with one or more otherwater source(s), and/or treatment by any means known to the person ofskill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “water permeable” may mean of a composition and/or structuresuch that water molecules can pass through, or, that water may passthrough under osmotic pressure.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “fluid” may mean any liquid, gas and/or other material that maybe used in a process. A fluid may mean a form of matter capable offlowing under applied shear stress.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “outflow fluid” or “output” may mean a fluid or fluids of anytype discharged from any module and/or other component in the Plan. Inthis sense a module, unit, and/or subunit may be configured tocommunicate with and/or be joined to an outflow fluid or output.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “BGM outflow fluid” may mean an outflow fluid from a BGM,comprising fluids as discharged directly from a BGM, and/or fluidsdischarged from a BGM and then taken through any other processingstep(s) comprising concentration, thickening, de-watering, dilution,addition of chemicals, change of temperature, and/or other processingstep(s) herein disclosed and/or known to those of skill in the art,and/or mixed with other sources of biomass and/or water of anydescription, and may comprise one or more of the following features:

-   -   a) biomass water slurry;    -   b) water/biomass/extract;    -   c) treated biomass/water slurry;    -   d) treated biomass water slurry;    -   e) TBW slurry;    -   f) biomass, water;    -   g) biocrude and/or other biofuels;    -   h) residuals;    -   i) biomass culture, water;    -   j) biofuel;    -   k) biomass;    -   l) biomass/sludge/residuals;    -   m) biomass, biofuel (gaseous), biofuel (liquid);    -   n) purified biofuel;    -   o) solvent containing extracted biomass;    -   p) hot biomass, biocrude and/or biofuel, water (liquid or        gaseous);    -   q) hot biomass and/or biofuel/water slurry;    -   r) hot biocrude and/or biofuel (gaseous or liquid);    -   s) hot water and/or steam separated from biomass and/or biofuel;    -   t) steam & trace biomass, biocrude and/or biofuel;    -   u) steam/hot biomass, biocrude and/or biofuel, water;    -   v) biofuel/water;    -   w) water;    -   x) light oil/biomass; and/or    -   y) heavy oil/biomass.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “growing subunit”, or “growing unit”, or “growth stagesubunit”, or “growth stage unit”, or “biomass growing subunit”, or“biomass growth subunit” may mean a component within a biomass growthmodule which may use one or more photobioreactor(s), fermentationtank(s), pond(s), other reactor(s) and/or any other system(s) designedfor the growth of biomass optionally comprising systems described hereinand/or any other system known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “stressing” may mean subjecting biomass to a stimuluscomprising deprivation of, and/or exposure to a substance, light,certain wavelengths of light, certain temperatures, nitrogenstarvation/depletion, salt and/or any other means to stimulate aparticular biological response.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “stressing subunit” may mean a module wherein biomass may besubjected to stressing.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “milking” may mean removing a portion of a biomass using asolvent and/or by other means wherein the remaining biomass structuremay be generally not destroyed.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “milking subunit” may mean a module wherein biomass may besubjected to milking.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “stressing and milking subunit” may mean a module whereinbiomass may be subjected to stressing and/or milking.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “power” may mean electricity and/or heat.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “hot”, or “heated” may mean heated to any temperature aboveambient temperature. It may mean hotter than another material with whichit exchanges heat and/or cooling. It may mean a material that has beenheated by any process to any temperature higher than it was before theprocess was applied to the material.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “refine” may mean one or more of the following features:preheating a solution containing biomass, biocrude and/or other biofueland possibly water as a first step for other processes; separating abiomass and/or biofuel from water and/or steam and/or other liquid;purifying one or more components of the biomass and/or biofuel;converting components of biomass and/or biofuel into other compounds,comprising converting biomass into biocrude; converting biomass intobiogas; separating compounds composing biocrude and/or biofuel intoindividual compounds or groups of compounds, such as carbon ranges;subjecting the biomass and/or biofuel to heat, pressure, hydrothermalprocessing and/or a similar process; addition of chemicals, blending offuels; and/or any methods herein disclosed and/or known to the person ofskill in the art for refining petroleum products and/or biofuels. Any ofthe above may be conducted with water and/or other fluids either presentor absent.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “refinery” may mean a module where refining takes place (e.g.,refining of biomass, biocrude, biofuels, biogas, fuels, and/or water).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “separation” may mean any means known to the person of skill inthe art for separation of two or more materials, optionally comprisingfluids, optionally comprising physical, chemical, thermal biological,and/or other means of separation. Separation may mean the separation ofhot water and/or steam from hot biocrude and/or biofuel/water slurryand/or from a hot biocrude and/or biofuel, or both (e.g., 1510) e.g.,FIG. 15, by any means known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biogas” may mean a gaseous fuel partially or fully derivedfrom biomass optionally mixed with other gases, water and/or othermaterials.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biogas/natural gas storage” may mean a module or modules wherebiogas, natural gas and/or other primarily gaseous and/or liquid fuelsmay be either separately and/or combination stored, heated, and/orotherwise maintained in any manner known to the person of skill in theart.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biocrude”, or “bio crude” may mean a primarily liquid biofuelthat may be produced from biomass.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biocoal”, or “bio coal” may mean a primarily solid fuel whichmay be produced from biomass, optionally comprising waste.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biomass” may mean material(s) derived from living or recentlyliving organisms of any kind, e.g., algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast,and/or amoeba. Biomass may comprise: a biofuel generated the livingorganisms, e.g., ethanol generated by and/or from plants; biogas,biocrude, and/or other biofuels generated by plant biomass processingand/or fermentation; intact portions of biomass; portions of biologicalmaterial extracted using solvents; and/or any other material that mayoriginate as or from organisms and/or may be derived from organismsand/or the products they produce by any means herein disclosed and/or byany means known to the person of skill in the art. Biomass may meanliving and/or dead organisms and/or a biofuel produced therefrom.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biomass products” may mean products made and/or derived frombiomass.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Biomass Processing Plant” or “BPP” may mean a module whereinbiomass optionally mixed with other materials may be processed intoproducts in accordance with the descriptions in this specificationand/or in any way known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “refinery/BPP”, or “refinery and/or BPP”, or “BPP and/orrefinery”, or “BPP/refinery” may mean a refinery module, a BPP module orboth either individually, collocated, and/or as separate modulespossibly interconnected, and/or possibly sharing some infrastructure incommon.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Water Bottling/Biomass Product Bottling/Packaging Plant” or“BBPP” may mean a module wherein water may be processed, e.g., purified,treated with chemicals, carbonated, and/or otherwise prepared forbottling, preserved, bottled, and/or stored in any manner hereindisclosed and/or known to the person of skill in the art. In addition oralternatively, biomass products may be prepared for bottling and/orother packaging, bottled and/or otherwise packaged, preserved, cooled,heated, stored, and/or otherwise processed in any manner hereindisclosed and/or known to the person of skill in the art for processingand/or packaging biomass products of any kind. The water processing andbottling may occur using a separate system optionally in a separatelocation from the biomass preparation and bottling and/or packagingsystem comprised by the BBPP. Different biomass product preparation,packaging and/or storage may comprise one and/or more differenttechnologies optionally conducted in separate locations comprised by theBBPP (e.g., liquid biomass processing and packaging methods may beconducted separately from those of solids, solids mixed with othermaterials, and/or gases.) A BBPP may also comprise any methods known tothe person of skill in the art to prepare bottles and other packagingand shipping materials from recycled materials. A BBPP may comprise anymethods known to the art to prepare and sterilize bottles and/or otherpackaging material, to apply strapping, plastic wrap, shrink wrap,pallets and/or other bulk packaging equipment and materials (e.g., toprepare pallets of products and/or other means of mass shipment).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “fuel” may mean any material which may be used to generateenergy in any form. Unless otherwise stated or defined in thisspecification and/or claims the term “fuel” may mean a carbon-basedmaterial which may be combusted to generate energy in any form. Energyin any form may comprise electrical energy, heat, and/or any otherform(s) of energy.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “offsite fuel(s)” may mean a fuel or fuels brought into and/orexported from the Plan to and/or from offsite sources.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biofuel” or “biofuels” may mean a fuel or fuels generated inwhole or in part using biological materials and/or processes. A biofuelmay comprise a biomass, and/or a fuel generated by biomass (e.g.,ethanol generated by biomass as a byproduct in a water solution), a fuelgenerated from processing biomass and/or a portion of biomass by anyviable process, optionally comprising a thermal, chemical, biochemical,mechanical, other biological process, and/or other methods, and/or thatplay a role in the production of fuels of any kind. Biofuel may comprisethese fuels in gaseous, liquid, solid, supercritical fluids, and/ormixed states of matter.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “hydrothermal processing” or “HTP” comprises rapid thermalprocessing, hydrothermal liquefaction, catalytic hydrothermalgasification, hydrothermal carbonization optionally with or without Insitu transesterification (IST), and/or other biomass processing and/orrefining method(s) comprising heat and/or pressure, and other processingof materials resulting from the application of heat and/or pressure. HTPmay mean one or more than one HTP technique and/or technology optionallyused together, optionally in series (e.g., HTL followed by CHG).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “flash refining” may mean hydrothermal processing.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “rapid thermal processing” or “RTP” may mean to separate and/orpartially refine a BGM outflow fluid, a water and biomass mixture and/orbiomass/water slurry using processes typically involving heat at ambientpressure. An example of this type of process may be the EnvergentTechnologies LLC Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) technology(https://www.envergenttech.com).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “hydrothermal liquefaction”, or “HTL” means to separate and/orpartially refine a BGM outflow fluid, water and biomass mixture and/orbiomass/water slurry using processes typically involving heat andpossibly pressure. HTL processes may yield biocrude.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “hydrothermal carbonization”, or “HTC” involves the applicationof mild heat and optionally pressure to biomass in an aqueous medium. Attemperatures of approximately 180-250 degrees C. and pressures ofapproximately 10-40 bar, bio-macromolecules hydrolyze and react to yielda solid hydrochar or carbonized solid. This material may be thentypically processed using “In situ transesterification” or “IST”. Wherereferenced herein, HTC may be understood to also optionally compriseIST. Some portion of the initial biomass may be recycled to the BGM, toother HTL process(es), and/or otherwise processed in any manner asdescribed herein, comprising processing by a refinery and/or BPP in anymanner known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “in situ transesterification” or “IST” comprises the conversionof the lipids in biochar into biodiesel without first extracting them,using alcohols such as methanol or ethanol. Subcritical IST may be doneat subcritical alcohol temperatures. This generally requires the use ofcatalysts and high molar ratios of alcohol to oil (e.g., over 300 to 1),and may be also sensitive to water in the feedstock. Supercritical IST(SC-IST) may be done at supercritical alcohol temperatures. SC-IST doesnot require catalysts or high molar ratios of alcohol to oils, and maybe much less sensitive to water in the feedstock. Source: Robert Levine,THE PRODUCTION OF ALGAL BIODIESEL USING HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION ANDIN SITU TRANSESTERIFICATION, Dissertation for PhD in ChemicalEngineering, University of Michigan, 2013; incorporated herein byreference and relied upon.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/99977/rblevine_1.pdf.sequence=1

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “catalyst” may mean a substance that increases the rate of oneor more chemical reactions.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “catalytic hydrothermal gasification” or “CHG” may mean arefining process that catalytically converts organic compounds to gasesin water optionally comprising CH₄ and/or CO₂ using heat and/or pressureto drive the conversion while maintaining water in the liquid state. Forexample, the disclosure provided patent publication WO 2013/184317A1incorporated by reference herein, may be an exemplary process.. Theprocess may also comprise catalytic and/or hydrothermally gasifying(CHG) of residual organic compounds in an aqueous fraction released froman HTL stage or process at a temperature and pressure selected to form aproduct gas. The product gas may contain at least one hydrocarbon orother medium BTU (British thermal unit) product gas. Combustion of thehydrocarbon product gas may be used to provide a net positive release ofenergy from conversion of the biomass. An example of such process may befound at http://www.genifuel.com.

For example CHG may be effected at approximately 350 Celsius, 20-22 MPaand wherein biomass may be processed wet (approximately 80-85% water),and the emerging gas stream may be mostly steam so heat may berecovered, conversion may be high (>99%), gas output may be clean withsubstantially small amounts of residual tars and <1% ash; and whereintypical gas stream content may be e.g., 62% methane, 35% CO₂, smallamounts of hydrogen gas and other fuels, e.g., ethane, propane. Forexample, see the website http://www.genifuel.com/gasification.html,incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.

The Genifuel gasifier may utilize instead a wet process catalyzed toyield rapid and substantially complete conversion of a biomass,producing substantially clean renewable natural gas as a product. Thisprocess may operate at much lower temperatures than other gasificationmethods, approximately 350° C. and 21 MPa making the construction andoperation of the equipment easier. The gasifier yields both a productgas and steam, which contains the carbon dioxide produced duringgasification. After condensation, the water enriched with dissolvedcarbon dioxide may be recycled to the BGM to accelerate growth of thenext generation of biomass and/or for other use in the Plan (See FIG.4), while reducing emissions to nearly zero.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “gasification module” may mean a module where biomass possiblymixed with water and/or other constituents, such as a BGM outflow fluidand/or a treated BGM outflow fluid, may be converted in whole or in partto one or more gases using CHG, anaerobic digestion, and/or any othermeans suited to the purpose to produce gases from biomass. Thegasification module may also comprise systems for processing theresulting gases to prepare them for use as fuels and/or storage,comprising drying, hydrogen sulfide removal and/or other pollutantremoval, other processing, blending with other fuels, carbon capture andstorage for carbon dioxide, condensation to liquids, and/or othertechniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A gasificationmodule may be comprised by a thermal plant and may optionally shareinfrastructure with other thermal plant technologies and/or processes,may be comprised by a refinery and/or BPP and may optionally shareinfrastructure with refinery and/or BPP technologies and/or processes,and/or may be as separate module.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claims,the term “gasification equipment” may mean any equipment used in agasification module or to support the function of a gasification module,its inputs and/or outputs or outflows.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “supercritical fluids extraction” may mean an extractionprocess involving fluids in a supercritical state, e.g., CO₂, methanol,and/or ethanol.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “fresh water”, or “freshwater” may mean water with salinitygenerally below that of ocean salt water, and typically below 0.5%. Forpurposes of this disclosure, fresh water may refer to water of lowsalinity of any description, and it may comprise low salinity wastewaterof any description.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “wastewater” or “waste water” may mean water which may containwaste material of any type and/or the chemical byproducts associatedwith it. Municipal wastewater may be a common form of wastewater whichmay contain approximately 30 to 40 mg/L of nitrates, 5 to 10 mg/L ofphosphates, varying levels of organic carbon, suspended and/or dissolvedsolids, and possibly other chemicals. Wastewater may also comprise farmrunoff, industrial wastewater, storm water, leachate, process water fromany process, and/or any other water source that contains constituentsthat may make it non-potable. Wastewater may be of any salinity level.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “grey water”, or “gray water” may mean treated wastewater orpartially treated wastewater (e.g., wastewater treated using primarytreatment, secondary treatment and/or tertiary treatment processes).Grey water may mean water which has been used in a process of any kindwhich may be non-potable after use in the process. Gray water may meanwater that results from the mixing of potable and non-potable water.Gray water may mean water they may be used to dilute brine.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “treated wastewater” may mean wastewater that has been treatedby any physical, chemical, biological process and/or other means.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “salt water” or “saltwater” may mean water with a salinityabove that of fresh water and typical of ocean salinity, possibly in therange of 3% to 5% (30 g/L to 50 g/L).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “brackish water” may mean any mixture of fresh water, saltwater, brine water, and/or other water with a salinity typically betweenthat of fresh water and salt water (approximately 0.5% to 3%).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “high salinity water”, “brine”, or “brine discharge”, or “brinewater” may mean water with a salinity generally higher than that ofocean water (typically greater than approximately 5%, or 50 g/L).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “brine electrolysis” may mean application of electrolysis tobrine (e.g., brine generated as a byproduct of desalination).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “desalination” may mean to process salt water in a manner thatreduces its salinity, optionally comprising methods which may alsogenerate also a high salinity water or brine.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “desalination plant”, or “desalination module”, or“desalination plant module” may mean a module which performsdesalination. A desalination plant may comprise distillation-basedand/or filtration-based technologies further defined and describedherein and/or other means of desalination known to the person of skillin the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “bioreactor” may mean a fully or partially enclosed containerin which biomass may be grown.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “photobioreactor” may mean a fully or partially enclosedcontainer with exposure to the sun and/or other light source in whichbiomass may be grown.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “biomass growth module”, or “BGM” may mean a module whereinbiomass may be grown and processed in one or more different biomassgrowth units. Where flows into and/or out of the BGM may be described orimplied, and/or processes may be conducted in, on or by the BGM, the BGMmay mean any one or more BGUs comprised by the BGM or any subunitsand/or other component(s) thereof Unless otherwise stated or defined inthis specification and/or claims the term “biomass growth unit” or “BGU”may mean a system for growing biomass and preliminary biomassprocessing. For purposes of this disclosure, a BGU may also comprise awastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of any description. A BGU may compriseone or more growing subunits and other subunits that may be used tosupport biomass growth (e.g., FIG. 6). A BGU may also mean a systemwhere a biological agent(s) may in any way metabolize, ferment and/orotherwise change carbon dioxide and/or other gases, such as hydrogen,nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and/or other gases in any manner andwhich may produce biomass, fuels and/or other chemical structures. Whereflows into and/or out of a BGU may be described and/or implied, and/orprocesses may be conducted in, on and/or by a BGU, BGU may mean thewhole BGU or any one or more BGU subunits and/or other components.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Autotrophic” may mean biomass which grows in the presence oflight.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Heterotrophic” may mean biomass which grows in the absence oflight.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “Mixotrophic” may mean biomass which grows in the presence oflight and in the absence of light.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “BGM Feed Water” may mean a water flow comprising any watertype or mixture used to supply water to a BGM, a BGU within a BGM,and/or any BGU subunit and/or other BGU component within a BGM. BGM Feedwater may comprise salt water, fresh water, high salinity water, wastewater, other water types, and/or mixtures of the foregoing, optionallycomprising water from the Plan (e.g., FIG. 3), and in any ratio.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “WWTP”, or “WWTP module”, or “traditional WWTP”, or“traditional wastewater treatment plant”, or “traditional bacteria-basedwastewater treatment plant”, or “traditional bacteria-based WWTP”, or“conventional bacteria-based wastewater treatment plant”, “conventionalbacteria-based wastewater treatment plant”, “WWTP using bacteria”, or“WWTP using bacteria-based processes”, or “WWTP using bacterial-basedprocesses” or similar term may mean a wastewater treatment plant notusing plant-based secondary treatment methods. It may mean a wastewatertreatment plant using in whole or in part systems comprisingbacteria-based technologies, such as activated sludge.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pollution entrainment module” may mean a module which uses anytechnology known to those of the art to sequester, entrain, react (e.g.,reduction of NOx emissions), trap, dilute, absorb, filter, neutralize,scrub and/or otherwise treat exhaust gases with an optional flow ofselected pollutants to a BGM. The module may additionally make use oftreatment methods designed to prepare any liquid and/or gaseousoutflow(s) from the module for introduction into a BGM, e.g., chemicaltreatment, pollution control, mixing with other fluids, temperatureadjustment, and/or other methods known to the person of skill in the artfor preparation for use of the outflow(s) for use in a BGM, for storageand later use in a BGM, and/or for discharge. The module may make use ofany one or more of the following technologies/substances in anycombination or sequence:

-   -   a. Activated carbon,    -   b. Hearth furnace cokes,    -   c. Zeolites,    -   d. Lime,    -   e. Chlorine,    -   f. Sprayers,    -   g. Sorbents,    -   h. Filtration,    -   i. Catalyst(s)    -   j. Photochemical methods,    -   k. Selective catalytic reduction,    -   l. Dry scrubber,    -   m. Wet scrubber—spray tower, tray tower, packed bed tower, two        pass wet scrubber, and/or other wet scrubber, and    -   n. Other pollution control/entrainment techniques known to those        skilled in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pollution control module” may mean a module which uses anytechnology known to those of the art to sequester, entrain, react (e.g.,reduction of NOx emissions), trap, dilute, absorb, filter, neutralize,scrub and/or otherwise treat exhaust gases for optional discharge to theenvironment. A pollution control module may make use of any one or moreof the technologies/substances listed above for the “pollutionentrainment module” and/or other technologies known to the person ofskill in the art in any combination or sequence.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pollution control and/or heat recovery” may mean a pollutioncontrol module, a heat recovery module, or both.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “conveyance” may mean a structure or system designed to conveymaterials optionally comprising fluids. A conveyance may mean a pipe forconveying fluids, (e.g., exhaust gases, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen,other gases and/or gas/liquid mixtures). A conveyance may mean a pipe toconvey exhaust gases away from thermal plant or a thermal plantcombustion process.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “diversion” may mean a structure or system designed to divertany portion of materials and/or fluids from a conveyance. A diversionmay mean a structure designed to cause the movement of materials tochange direction in whole or in part.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “waste heat” may mean heat that may be produced as a byproductof a process generating primary process heat.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “primary process heat” may mean heat which may be used togenerate electricity or to perform any other industrial processes, suchas processing steel.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat transfer” or a transfer of heat e.g., as depicted in FIG.2 and/or other figures of this disclosure means the conveyance of heatfrom one portion of matter to another. Such a transfer may comprise anymeans known to the person of skill in the art from one material toanother, comprising optionally directed contact of heated material withmaterial to be heated, use of a heat exchanger and/or other indirectheat transfer process to transfer heat without direct contact ofmaterials, any methods disclosed herein, and/or any other means known tothe person of skill in the art. “Transfer of cooling”, “cooling”, or“cooling transfer” as depicted in any figure may use some of the sameprocesses as a transfer of heat, except that the material making thetransfer possesses lower thermal energy than the material it makes thetransfer with, and absorbs thermal energy from the second material,thereby in essence transferring cooling. Cooling or cooling transfer mayalso refer to cool or cold materials optionally comprising fluidsgenerated, such as air conditioning and/or refrigeration cogenerated bya thermal plant which may be applied to other materials and/or tomaterials in enclosed spaces to cool them.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat exchange process” may mean a heat transfer wherein a heatexchanger may be used.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat exchanger” may mean a piece of equipment used in heattransfer. A heat exchanger may be of any configuration, e.g, parallelflow, counter-flow, cross-flow, circular, or other configurations. Aheat exchanger may be e.g, double pipe, shell and tube, plate, plate andshell, plate fin, adiabatic wheel, pillow plate, fluid, dynamic scrapedsurface, or other designs. They may comprise a phase change or directcontact heat exchangers. A heat exchanger may comprise a self-cleaningheat exchanger, waste heat recovery unit, Rankine cycle, organic RankineCycle, fluid heat exchanger and/or a heat recovery steam generator. Heatexchangers may be designed for any medium or combination of differentmedia and/or fluid type(s). A heat exchanger may comprise one or moreheat exchangers used together or in sequence and/or in parallel. Heatexchangers for purposes of this disclosure may also comprise anystructures to transfer heat of any kind beyond the typical engineeringstructures referred to in the art as heat exchangers (e.g., a pool ofwater surrounding a BGM may be a heat exchanger, e.g., FIG. 12C). Any ofthese types of heat exchangers and/or others suited to the purpose maybe used in any aspect of the disclosed Plan where heat exchangers may beindicated.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “heat/cooling recovery”, or “heat and/or cooling recovery”, or“heat recovery”, or “heat recovery and reuse”, or “heat recovery +reuse”may mean a recovery and/or optional distribution and/or reuse of heatand/or cooling from substances, fluids and/or flows of materialsoptionally from modules, systems, units, subunits, processes and/ortechnologies comprised by the Plan, by any means herein disclosed and/orby any means known to the person of skill in the art. Heat and/orcooling may be recovered in multiple separate units within aheat/cooling storage module based on the particular temperature and/ortemperature range(s) of recovered heat and/or cooling e.g., fromdifferent modules, processes and/or technologies. Recovered heat and/orcooling may be reused in the module it was recovered from and/or in anyother module(s) in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “heat/cooling recovery module”, or “heat and/or coolingrecovery module”, or “heat recovery module”, or “heat recovery and reusemodule”, or “heat recovery +reuse module” may mean a module where heatand/or cooling recovery take place.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pressure recovery” may mean to recover pressure from one ormore process(es), system(s) and/or module(s) for use in one or more ofthe same and/or other process(es), system(s), and/or module(s) e.g.,FIG. 23. Pressure recovery may comprise any means described in thisspecification and/or any means known to the person of skill in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “pressure recovery module” may mean a module where pressurerecovery occurs.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat/pressure recovery module(s)” may mean either a heatrecovery module, a pressure recovery module, or both.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “heat and/or cooling” or “heat/cooling” e.g., as representedby a line or arrow in a figure may comprise a flow of either heat,cooling, and/or a mixture thereof. The heat and/or cooling may originatein any module(s), system(s), and/or technolog(ies) in the Plan, and betransferred to any other module(s), system(s), and/or technolog(ies) inthe Plan as shown in FIG. 2 and/or other Figs. and/or descriptionrelevant to heat and/or cooling generation, capture and/or transfer.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heat storage” may mean any process, system, module and/ortechnology for storing heat. Heat storage technologies may comprisemolten salt, heated oil, underground heat storage, storage in waterand/or other liquids, and/or any other process known to those of skillin the art for storing heat. Cooling storage may be the same as heatstorage, except that it stores materials of temperature low enough toprovide cooling, e.g, an ice, or a fluid cooled below its freezingpoint, a fluid at ambient temperature used to cool a process involvinghigh temperatures and/or hot fluids.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermal process” may mean any process involving the use ofheat whether within or outside the Plan. This may comprise anythermodynamic process and/or thermodynamic cycle.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “thermodynamic process” may mean the energetic development of athermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state.It may comprise open or closed systems, comprising systems using athermodynamic cycle.

A “thermodynamic cycle” may mean when a thermodynamic system may betaken through a series of different states, and finally returned to itsinitial state. Thermodynamic cycles may comprise internal and/orexternal combustion modules. They may comprise, but are not limited tothe following: Rankine cycle, Ericsson cycle, Brayton cycle/Joule cycle,Gas Generator cycle, Atkinson cycle, staged combustion cycle, Millercycle, Stirling cycle, Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, diesel cycle, Kalinacycle, expander cycle, homogeneous charge compression ignition, organicRankine cycle, supercritical Rankine cycle, regenerative Rankine Cycle,Bell Coleman cycle, hygroscopic cycle, Scuderi cycle, Stoddard cycle,Lenoir cycle, combined cycle, HEHC, mixed/dual cycle, Barton cycle,Humphrey cycle, combinations of the above, and/or other thermodynamiccycles. They may involve any or all thermodynamic process types,comprising but not limited to: isobaric, isothermal, isochloric,isoentropic, isoenthalpic, adiabatic, and/or other processes.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “cogenerated cooling”, or “cogeneration” may mean cooling thatmay be generated by a thermal plant, optionally from heat, andoptionally from waste heat. It comprises any technologies known to thoseof skill in the art for such conversion. Cogenerated cooling maycomprise air conditioning and/or refrigeration cogenerated by a thermalplant. “Cogeneration” may mean generation of other useful flows fromheat (e.g., waste heat) in any manner known to a person of skill in theart.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “oxy-fuel process” may mean any process wherein oxygen may beinjected into the intake of a combustion process or combustion chamberof any kind, e.g., thermal plant combustion processes, increasing theoxygen content of the gases used for combustion, and/or decreasingnitrogen content. Oxy-fuel processes may result in any proportion ofoxygen in the air used for combustion above that of ambient air fromless than 1% to approximately 78%. The resulting combustion dischargegases may be generally lower in NOx emissions.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “biomass/water slurry” may mean a mixture of water withbiomass and/or biofuel.

A “treated biomass/water slurry”, a “TBW slurry”, or a “discharge ofwater from the biomass growth module” which may be comprised by a BGMoutflow fluid, may comprise a biomass/water slurry that has beendischarged from the BGM and has optionally been processed through someadditional steps such as a tertiary treatment, concentration of biomass,dilution with water from another source and/or other methods oftreatment disclosed herein and/or known to those of the art inpreparation for use in other processes (e.g., for refining,gasification, processing into biomass products, preparation for use in athermal plant cooling and/or heat absorption process(es), and/or forother uses as noted herein.).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “synergy” may mean the working together of two or more things,especially when the result may be greater than the sum of theirindividual effects and/or capabilities, and/or when detrimental effectsmay be reduced, eliminated, and/or turned into benefits in at least onething by the use of two or more things together. Synergies may involvethe use of interactions, connections, infrastructure sharing, resourcesharing and/or communication (e.g., heat and/or fluid communication,etc.) between different modules of the Plan.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “waste” may mean refuse, discarded materials, demolishedmaterials, and/or byproducts of any kind. “Waste” may comprise municipalsanitary waste, demolition waste, construction waste, industrial waste,hazardous waste, biomass (e.g., wood waste generated from a lumberyardand/or other biomass waste from industry, agricultural waste material),and/or other waste materials. Waste may comprise metallic waste, glass,plastic, wood, ceramics, paper and/or any other material(s).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “waste receiving”, or “waste receiving module”, or “wastereceiving/recycling”, or “waste receiving/recycling module”, or“recycling”, or “recycling/waste receiving”, or “recycling/wastereceiving module”, or “recycling module” may mean a module where wastemay be transported, accumulated, stored, sorted, recycled, compacted,processed into recycled products, subjected to WTE via any number of WTEtechnologies, landfilled and/or otherwise treated in any means known tothe person of skill in the art.

“Waste-to-energy”, or “waste-to-energy module”, or “WTE”, or “WTEmodule”, may mean a module which generates fuel, fuel precursors, and/orother products and/or energy in any form from waste, biomass and/or anyother material. A WTE module may comprise one or more WTE systems, andmay be comprised by a thermal plant.

A “WTE system”, or “waste-to-energy system”, or “WTE”, or“waste-to-energy (WTE) system”, or “waste-to-energy technology”, or “WTEtechnology”, may mean a particular system and/or technology typecomprised by a WTE module and/or thermal plant which generates fuel,fuel precursors, and/or other products and/or energy in any form fromwaste, biomass and/or any other material. Waste-to-energy systems maycomprise any technolog(ies) of this description disclosed in thisspecification and/or any others known to the person of skill in the art(e.g., incinerator, plasma gasification, cellulosic ethanol, pyrolysis,etc.).

Open Rankine cycle for purposes of this disclosure may mean a powergeneration system that mirrors a Rankine cycle in most ways, except thatmost notably, the water/steam mixture that may be normally condensed andreturned as the working fluid may be instead replaced by a new portionof fluid. An Open Rankine cycle may involve the use of a treatedbiomass/water slurry.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “primary treatment process”, or “primary treatment” may meanthe application of techniques known to the person of skill in the artfor preparation of water of any kind for introduction into a BGM and/orbefore secondary treatment at a WWTP, possibly comprising removal ofsolids and/or addition of chemicals. In the case of a wastewatersubstrate, primary treatment may involve processes typical of primarytreatment of wastewater, comprising optionally sedimentation, gritremoval, screening (e.g., bar screening), and/or the use of a primaryclarifier.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “secondary treatment process”, or “secondary treatment” maymean application of processes to further treat wastewater after primarytreatment, described herein and/or known to the person of skill in theart comprising optionally biological processes to substantially removedissolved and suspended organic compounds typically measured as BOD.Secondary wastewater treatment may be performed partially or fully in aBGM and/or in a secondary treatment system in a WWTP. Secondarytreatment by a BGM may also reduce nutrient content in the water.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “tertiary treatment process”, or “tertiary treatment” may meanthe application of techniques herein disclosed and/or known to theperson of skill in the art for further treatment of a BGM outflow fluidand/or WWTP after discharge from a BGM for use of the BGM outflow fluidin a variety of applications, and/or for BGM and/or WWTP discharge,e.g., to the environment. In the case of a wastewater substrate,tertiary treatment may involve processes typical of tertiary treatmentof wastewater (e.g., municipal wastewater), comprising the use of asecondary clarifier, disinfection techniques, and/or other techniquesknown to those in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “sludge processing” may mean the processing and/or treatment byany means known to those of the art of sludge of any type, comprisingoptionally sludge that may be generated in wastewater treatmentprocesses. Sludge processing may be comprised by a WWTP and/or a BGM,and/or may be conducted as a separate process.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “grid” or “the grid” for purposes of this disclosure may meanoptional communication(s) and/or connection(s) of any descriptionbetween different optional components. When discussed in connection withany figure, it may be not limited to one large interconnected system,such as an electrical grid. Rather the connections and/or communicationsin a “grid” as referred to herein may take the form of one or moreseparate subsystems of communication and/or connection between any twoor more module(s)/unit(s), technology(ies) and/or other component(s)depicted by a grid, when present in certain embodiments. Any source,flow, communication and/or connection option depicted in a grid mayremain in a separate subsystem e.g., a module, unit, or subunit, or maybe combined with any other communication source(s) and flow(s) from the“grid” and/or other source(s) at any stage of any process depicted. Forexample, water flow, electrical flow, heat flow etc. may be combined, ormay be separate flows within a grid, or between grids.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “residuals” may mean any portion of material not used in aprocess when a process of any description may be conducted, such asbiomass, water, sediment, sludge, solvents, chemical residues, and/orother materials.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “infrastructure” may mean equipment and/or systems of any kind.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “feed water” or “feedwater” may mean one or more watersource(s) used to feed any module and/or process in the Plan in whole orin part. “Feed water” may mean a water source supplied to a BGM, a BGU,a growing subunit, and/or any other component of a BGU.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “solar thermal” may mean a technology or module comprising oneor more technologies to produce, store and/or distribute energy in anyform using heat generated from sunlight (e.g., solar towers, solartroughs, etc.).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “sunlight basin” may mean any structure and/or area where watermay be accumulated, transported and/or circulated and exposed tosunlight, artificial light and/or ambient heat and/or cooling. Asunlight basin may comprise tank(s), pool(s), fountain(s), lake(s),stream(s), canal(s), and/or other water features of any descriptionwhereby water may absorb energy from sunlight and/or ambient heat and/orcooling.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “collocated” may mean located next to or close to. Collocatedmay mean two things located with 0.1 km, or within 0.5 km, or within 1km, or within 2 km, or within 5 km, or within 10 km, or within 20 km ofeach other, or any other distance which enables practical contributionto, benefit from, communication with, share infrastructure and/orcomponents, and/or other interaction between different modules, systems,technologies and/or other elements of the Plan. Collocated may mean oneor more systems, or one or more modules, one or more units and/or one ormore subunits located, or a built or moved to or placed at a locuswherein the one or more one or more systems, or one or more modules, oneor more units and/or one or more subunits may be within a circle with aradius of from about 0.01 to about 20 Km, or from about 0.01 to about 10km, or from about 0.01 to about 8 km, or from about 0.01 to about 5 km,or from about 0.01 to about 2.5km, or from about 0.01 to about 2 km, orfrom about 0.01 to 1 km, or from about 0.0.01 to about 0.2 km or fromabout 0.01 to 0.1 km, or from about 0.01 km to about 0.03 km, or fromabout 0.02 to about 0.1 km or from about 0.03 to about 0.1 km, or fromabout 0.04 to about 0.1 km, or any other distance which enablespractical contribution to, benefit from, communication with, shareinfrastructure and/or components, and/or other interaction betweendifferent modules, systems, technologies and/or other elements of thePlan.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “package”, or, “to package”, or “packaging” of or referring towater, biomass products and/or fuels (e.g., from a refinery, BPP and/orother module in a BBPP) may comprise drying, purifying, bottling,barreling, preserving, chemically treating, sterilizing, rolling,pressing, cutting, pelletizing, boxing, containerizing, compressing,pressurizing and putting into tanks, and/or other means of preparingproducts for storage, export and/or marketing.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “technology”, or “technology type” may mean a technique,skill, method, process and/or equipment which may be used to accomplishan objective. The term “technology” may be used descriptively aloneand/or as part of a compound noun to describe and/or illustrate a typeof technology used in the Plan or in a specific module of the Plan. Forexample, a “desalination technology” or a “technology for desalination”,or similar statement may mean a technology used to accomplishdesalination. In Figs. of the disclosure, the word “technology” may beomitted, but the term may still be understood to describe a technologyoption in a figure. For example a “pyrolysis technology” may bedesignated simply as “pyrolysis” in a figure, and may be one technologyoptionally comprised by a thermal plant in certain embodiments.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “component” may mean a part or element of a larger whole. A“component” may mean a part of a module, unit, subunit, or technology. A“component” may also mean a technology.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “hot mirror/other selective reflector” may mean a hot mirrorand/or any other technology known to those of the art capable ofselectively reflecting certain wavelengths of light, and optionallyallowing others to pass through.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “blue light” may mean light with wavelengths primarily in theblue range of the visible spectrum, approximately 380-500 nm.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “red light” may mean light with wavelengths primarily in thered of the visible spectrum, approximately 620-750 nm.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “solvent” and/or “solvents” may mean one or more substancesthat dissolve a solute.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “ambient air” may mean air from the local environment. It maymean air from an enclosure (e.g., air inside a module or building).

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “air treatment/odor control module”, or “air plan” may mean aplan to treat, disinfect, deodorize, sanitize, circulate and otherwisecontrol the flow and uses of air in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 13.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “optional odor control air”, or “optional odor control air in”,may refer to air outflow that may be the product of an airtreatment/odor control module prior to its introduction into thermalplant combustion process(es) 1326.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “air purification”, or “air purification module” may mean amodule and/or technology within a module to purify air comprising anymeans known to those in the art to purify, deodorize, sanitize and/orotherwise improve the quality of air.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “air storage” may mean any method herein disclosed or known tothose in the art to store air, comprising optionally storage of air in acontainer at ambient pressure and/or storage in pressurized tanks.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “landfill” may mean a place to dispose of waste by burying it.A landfill may comprise a municipal sanitary waste landfill, a hazardouswaste landfill, a mixed waste landfill, a landfill used for wastemanagement (e.g., temporary storage, consolidation, sorting, transfer,treatment and/or recycling), and/or other landfill type(s) known tothose in the art.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “landfill gases” may mean gases emitted by a landfillcomprising carbon dioxide and/or combustible chemical compounds such asmethane. “Landfill gases” may also be termed, “biogas”, or “carbondioxide”. “Landfill gases” may also comprise equipment to capture,concentrate, purify, and/or process and deliver the landfill gases inany manner known to the person of skill in the art prepared for usefulapplications, such as combustion and/or use of carbon dioxide.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “light oil” may mean oil which may be of lower density thanwater. Light oil may comprise other materials.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “heavy oil” may mean oil which may be of higher density thanwater. Heavy oil may comprise other materials, comprising optionallysolids and/or residuals of any kind.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term “plasma” may mean “plasma gasification” or “plasma gasificationtechnology”.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “provided”, or “provides” may mean “configured to provide”, or“configured to provide to”, or “configured to be provided”, or“configured to be provided to”. The term provided may mean, in the caseof a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to provide something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be provided.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “directed to” may mean “configured to be directed”, or“configured to be directed to”. The term directed to may mean, in thecase of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit maybe configured to direct something and/or to receive and/or to providewhat may be directed.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “supplied”, or “supplies” may mean “configured to supply”, or“configured to supply to”, or “configured to be supplied”, or“configured to be supplied to”. The term supplied may mean, in the caseof a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured supply something and/or to receive and/or to provide what maybe supplied.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “store”, or “storage”, or “storage unit”, or “storage module”may mean a locus to keep or accumulate. The term may mean, in the caseof a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to store what may be kept or accumulated.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “produced”, or “produces” may mean “configured to produce”, or“configured to be produced”, or The term may mean, in the case of amodule, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured produce something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be produced.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “processed”, or “processes” may mean “configured to process”,or “configured to be processed.” The term may mean, in the case of amodule, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to process something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be processed.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “routed”, or “routes” may mean “configured to route”, or“configured to be routed.” The term routed may mean, in the case of amodule, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to route something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be routed.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “reserved”, or “reserves” may mean “configured to reserve”, or“configured to be reserved.” The term reserved may mean, in the case ofa module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to reserve something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be reserved.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “fueled”, or “fuels” or “fuelable” may mean “configured tofuel”, or “configured to be fueled.” The term may mean, in the case of amodule, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to receive and/or to provide what may be fueled.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “reclaimed”, or “reclaims” may mean “configured to reclaim”,or “configured to be reclaimed.” The term provided may mean, in the caseof a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to reclaim something and/or to receive and/or to provide whatmay be reclaimed.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “sent”, or “sends” may mean “configured to send”, or“configured to be sent.” The term may mean, in the case of a module,unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may be configured tosend something and/or to receive and/or to provide what may be sent.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “generated”, or “generates” may mean “configured to generate”,or “configured to be generated.” The term generated may mean, in thecase of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit maybe configured generate something, and/or to receive and/or to providewhat may be generated.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “discharged”, or “discharges” may mean “configured todischarge”, or “configured to be discharged.” The term discharged maymean, in the case of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit orsubunit may be configured to discharge something and/or to receiveand/or to provide what may be discharged.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “delivered”, or “delivers” may mean “configured to deliver”,or “configured to be delivered.” The term delivered may mean, in thecase of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit maybe configured to deliver and/or to receive and/or to provide what may bedelivered.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “combusted”, or “combusts” may mean “configured to combust”,or “configured to be combusted.” The term combusted may mean, in thecase of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit maybe configured to combust a fuel or substance and/or to receive and/or toprovide what may be combusted.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “removed”, or “removes” may mean “configured to remove”, or“configured to be removed.” The term removed may mean, in the case of amodule, unit or subunit, that the module, unit or subunit may beconfigured to remove and/or to receive and/or to provide what may beremoved.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “transferred”, or “transfers” may mean “configured totransfer”, or “configured to be transferred.” The term transfers maymean, in the case of a module, unit or subunit, that the module, unit orsubunit may be configured to transfer something and/or to receive and/orto provide what may be transferred.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “used”, or “uses” may mean “configured to use”, or “configuredto be used.” The term used may mean, in the case of a module, unit orsubunit, that the module, unit or subunit may be configured to usesomething and/or to receive and/or to provide what may be used.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “blend”, or “blended”, or “mix”, or “mixture”, or “mixed”, maymean to combine in any manner, or the state of being combined in anymanner.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “trench” may mean a ditch comprising a long, narrow ditch, oran area excavated, prepared, maintained for the installation of piping,electrical lines, and/or other infrastructure. A “trench” may mean anarea excavated and then filled in after installation of piping,electrical lines, and/or other infrastructure.

Unless otherwise stated or defined in this specification and/or claimsthe term, “automation”, or “automation with controls”, or “automationsystem with controls”, or “automation system with flow controls” maymean an optionally computer-controlled system capable of sensing and/orregulating any condition, process, flow, input, output, in the Plan(e.g., temperature, pH, gas content, flow rate(s), density, dissolvedsolids, pollutant concentrations, nutrient levels, light intensity,salinity, and/or other measureable characteristics), receiving data,processing it optionally via computer, optionally using artificialintelligence or other adaptive controls to determine if adjustments toany operational parameters may be needed, sending one or more signals toone or more systems, which then makes one or more physical adjustment(s)in the operational parameters of the Plan (e.g., a change in a flow rateof fluids, a release of materials, the startup, increased rate, ordecreased rate of function of a process or technology, directingmaterials to storage and/or other module, and/or other operationaladjustments to the modules, units, subunits, technologies, and/orcommunications comprising the Plan).

Abbreviations:

TBW slurry—treated biomass/water slurry.

WW—Wastewater.

WWT—Wastewater Treatment.

WWTP—Wastewater Treatment Plant (Traditional, for example, usingactivated sludge as secondary treatment—not non-bacterialbiomass-based).

“WWTP/BGM”, or “BGM/WWTP” means a BGM and/or a WWTP.

“WWTP/BGU”, or “BGU/WWTP” means a BGU and/or a WWTP.

TP—thermal plant.

WTE—Waste-to-Energy Technology.

HTP—Hydrothermal Processing.

CHG—Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification.

HTL—Hydrothermal Liquefaction.

HTC—Hydrothermal Carbonization.

IST—In situ Transesterification.

RTP—Rapid Thermal Processing.

CO2—Carbon Dioxide.

DP—Desalination Plant.

BBPP—Water Bottling/Biomass Product Bottling/Packaging Plant.

BPP—Biomass Processing Plant.

“/”—Slash symbol may mean, “and/or”. When separating module and/orfeature names, may mean either or both of the modules and/or featuresbefore or after the slash as separate modules and/or features, and/orthe modules and/or features optionally with some infrastructure and/orsystems sharing.

BRC—Biofuel Research Center.

BGM—Biomass Growth Module.

BGM/WWTP or BGM and/or WWTP—A BGM, A WWTP, or both possiblyinterconnected, and/or possibly sharing some infrastructure in common.

BGU—Biomass Growth Unit.

WWTBGU—Wastewater Treatment BGU.

FWBGU—Fresh Water BGU.

MFWBGU—Mixed Fresh Water BGU.

SWBGU—Saltwater BGU.

BWBGU—Brackish Water BGU.

BGU/WWTP or BGU and/or WWTP—A BGU, A WWTP, or both possiblyinterconnected, and possibly sharing some infrastructure in common.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects, features and advantages of several exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure will become better understood with regard to thefollowing description in connection with the accompanying drawing(s). Itshould be apparent to those skilled in the art that the describedembodiments of the present disclosure provided herein may beillustrative only and not limiting, having been presented by way ofexample only. All features disclosed in this description may be replacedby alternative features serving the same or similar purpose, unlessexpressly stated otherwise. Therefore, numerous other embodiments of themodifications thereof may be contemplated as falling within the scope ofthe present disclosure as defined herein and equivalents thereto. Hence,use of absolute terms such as, for example, “will,” “will not,” “shall,”“shall not,” “must” and “must not” are not meant to limit the scope ofthe present disclosure as the embodiments disclosed herein areexemplary.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary”may be not necessarily to be construed as exclusive, preferred oradvantageous over other aspects. Exemplary may mean, “e.g.,” or “forexample.”

In the accompanying drawings and Figures, boxes may be understood toillustrate one or more module(s), unit(s), subunit(s), technolog(ies),component(s), process(es), input(s), output(s), feature(s) and/or otherelement(s) of the disclosure. Any line connecting to a box indicates anoptionally managed connection or communication, e.g., electronic, fluid,gaseous, heat, energy, light and the like. Should an arrow be indicatedalong a line, the arrow indicates communication or optionalcommunication in that direction along the line. Such communication in anindicated direction may include such communication in the oppositedirection. If a line or arrow may be connected to or proceeds to or froma box, the communication may comprise such communication from anysub-module, sub-unit, technology, component, or other feature the boxrepresents. If a line or arrow may be connected to or proceeds to orfrom a particular technology or feature listed within a box, thecommunication pertains to the particular technology or feature. Anyconnection or communication depicted may comprise any means ofconnection or communication known to those in the art, or any othermeans described herein. For example, liquids or gases may be distributedamong different modules or systems using such technologies as pumps,piping, blowers, spargers, valves and/or any other technologies known tothose in the art which may be suited to the purpose. Any such connectionor communication may be direct or may also comprise a regulated flow,storage and/or modification of any kind to any one or more constituentscomprising the communication in any manner known to those in the art asa part of such communication. For example, a communication of water mayundergo treatment to remove pollutants, biomass, or other chemicals,storage, dilution, concentration, addition of chemicals, a change intemperature and/or pH, phase change and/or any other modification bymeans known to those of ordinary skill in the art before suchcommunication, and/or the flow may be regulated by an automatedcomputerized flow system using sensors, valves, storage systems and/orany other technologies known to those of the art for flow control.Sensors may measure various parameters in one module and trigger anaction in another module. For example, the temperature, pH, nutrientcontent, turbidity, carbon dioxide content, oxygen content, and/or anyother measurement in the BGM may be used to automatically trigger (e.g.,using a computerized industrial control system adapted to the purpose)any input from and/or output to any other module e.g., in the Plan(e.g., heat, cooling, water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, oxygen,chemicals, and/or other inputs and/or outputs). All other modules and/ortechnology types e.g., in the Plan may have similar controls which maytrigger inputs from other modules and/or outputs to other modules.Modules, units' subunits, technology types and other feature shown byboxes in the figures may be also optional, and all modules and/ortechnology types depicted may not be present in any embodiment e.g., ofthe Plan. Modules and/or technologies depicted and/or described hereinmay comprise any one or more technologies known to one of ordinary skillin the art, and/or any other variations or modifications to thosetechnologies discussed herein. Where boxes may be drawn within otherboxes, the boxes within may be understood to illustrate one or moremodules, units, subunits, technologies, components, processes, inputs,outputs, features and/or other elements of the disclosure optionallycomprised by the boxes which contain them. Where a specific technology,process, module or other feature may be listed within any box, it may beunderstood to be present only in an embodiment of the disclosed Plan,and may be illustrated in a specific figure to demonstrate communicationor another relationship of the specific feature illustrated within thePlan when present in any embodiment comprising that individual feature.When more than one specific feature may be depicted in a figure, moduleor within a box illustrating technologies of a module, any featuredepicted is generally optional, e.g., independent of another, or thattwo or more must be present in any embodiment; except, to the extentthere is communication and/or connection between them, the two or moremay be present to establish such communication and/or connection incertain embodiments. Modules shown in any drawing or Figure depictingany one or more features may be exemplary only, and any module of thedisclosure may comprise any other feature fitting the definition of suchmodule in other embodiments, and will not be limited by any exemplarytechnology or combination of technologies listed within a box of suchmodule in any drawing or Figure. When discussed in connection with anyfigure, the term “grid” or “the grid” for purposes of this disclosuremeans optional communication(s) and/or connection(s) of any descriptionbetween different optional components. It does not necessarily mean onelarge interconnected system, such as an electrical grid. Rather theconnections and/or communications in a “grid” as referred to herein maymean one or more separate closed subsystems of communication and/orconnection between any two or more module(s)/unit(s), technology(ies)and/or other component(s) depicted by the grid, when present in certainembodiments. Any source, flow, communication and/or connection optiondepicted in a grid may remain in a separate subsystem, or may becombined with any other communication source(s) and/or flow(s) from the“grid” or other source (s) at any stage of any process depicted.

With reference to FIG. 28, the disclosure includes novel connections,communications, and/or synergies among different facility types, some ofwhich may be generally unrelated, such as a thermal plant, a WWTP, abiomass growth module, a sludge processing plant, a refinery and/or aBPP (a downstream processing facility), a BBPP (a products packagingfacility), a waste processing/recycling center, a desalination plant,solar thermal technologies, and other processes to generate electricity,fuels, products, and to productively reclaim and reuse waste heat,water, carbon dioxide, air and/or other gases, pressure, waste biomass,solvents and/or other materials. Additional optional technologies and/ormodules may be added to the design e.g., Master Drawing to createadditional outputs, efficiencies or synergies. Master Drawing embodies anon-limiting high-level representative embodiment of the Plan,comprising many technology options and/or connections, communications orsynergies which may comprise the Plan, which may be further illustratedin subsets or subsystems of the Plan in FIGS. 1-25.

FIGS. 1-28 may depict different non-limiting designs which may includecertain technologies, process flows, communications, connections,synergies, and/or other features of the Plan.

With reference to FIG. 1, a portion of the Plan may be presented in moredetail. For example, design 100 includes a water feed, e.g. a saltand/or freshwater feed (which may or may not comprise wastewater) 160that may be optionally treated in a primary treatment module, 104.Primary treatment module 104 may optionally provide sludge 128 to agasification module, e.g., CHG module or anaerobic digester 125, andfeed primary treated water to BGM 110. Residuals 124 may be optionallyfed to BGM 110 after processing sludge 128 and/or other inputs ingasification module 125. Thermal plant 108, in an embodiment, burns acarbon-based fuel, e.g., a biofuel 106 provided by BGM 110 which may beoptionally processed 102, Biogas 127 from the Gasification module 125that may be optionally processed 131 and/or Biocrude and/or otherbiofuels 106 developed from a BGM outflow fluid 117 taken throughoptional processing steps such as tertiary treatment 114, a gravitythickener and/or other methods to concentrate and/or separate biomassfrom water, and/or dilution 118, a Refinery 120 optionally furtherprocessed (e.g., to prepare the output for use in a thermal plant and/orfor export) 136 and/or optionally taken through heat recovery 135wherein the heat recovered may be reused e.g., in the Plan e.g., in FIG.2, and the combustion of any one or more of these fuels may providecarbon dioxide 119 to BGM 110. Thermal plant 108 may provide energy toBGM 110, Refinery 120, and/or an optional biocrude 132 processing unit136 and/or other elements of the Plan when present, e.g., FIG. 1 and/orother figures herein. BGM 110 optionally feeds tertiary treatment module114 that optionally provides recirculation 112 of the tertiary treatedeffluent back to BGM 110. A biomass and water slurry 116 may bedischarged from tertiary treatment module 114 to module comprisingoptional gravity thickener and/or other methods, e.g, to concentrate,separate components of, and/or dilute the biomass/water slurry 118.Module 118 comprising optional gravity thickener and/or otherunits/methods to concentrate, separate components of, and/or dilute thebiomass/water slurry 116 feeds a treated biomass/water slurry 130 toRefinery 120 and/or to gasification module 125. Refinery 120 may alsoreceive and/or process other biomass and/or waste from other sources 161and/or optionally residuals 133 from optional BPP 146. Any residuals 122from Refinery 120 processing may be fed back to gasification module 125.Any water 150 discharged from Refinery 120 may be optionally fed toheat/pressure/energy recovery unit(s) 152 with heat recovered to be usede.g., in the Plan (e.g., FIGS. 2 and 23) and the cooled water 154 sentfor water reuse e.g., in the Plan 156 (e.g. FIG. 3). Module comprisingoptional gravity thickener and/or other methods to concentrate, separatecomponents of, and/or dilute the biomass/water slurry 118 may optionallyfeed a water/biomass slurry and/or extract containing biomass 142 to anoptional BPP (downstream processing facility) 146 to provide biomassproducts −147 (vide infra) which may be optionally packaged in anoptional BBPP (a bottling and packaging plant) 144 and water, heatand/or carbon dioxide 148 suitable for reprocessing and use e.g., in thePlan (e.g. FIGS. 2, 3, and/or 4) 149. Water 115 may be also collectedvia water stream 115 from Tertiary Treatment module 114, and water 148may be collected also via water stream 140 from gravity thickener and/orother methods to concentrate/separate and/or dilute biomass and water118 for processing, treatment, and reuse e.g., in the Plan e.g. FIGS. 2,3, 4 149. Heat and/or cooling 134 may be provided from thermal plant 108optionally to the Biofuel processing module 102, BGM 110, GasificationModule 125, Refinery 120, optional BPP 146, Biomass Products 147 (e.g.,storage), and/or optional BBPP 144, and/or for other uses e.g., in thePlan (e.g. FIG. 2). Water 143 may also be obtained from a DesalinationUnit 145, which also discharges Brine 141.

In reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system100 comprising: a biomass growth module (BGM) 110 and optionally: athermal plant module 108 optionally producing an exhaust gas comprisingcarbon dioxide 119 optionally fueling the BGM 110; wherein the thermalplant module 108 is optionally fuelable by a BGM outflow fluid 117 fromthe BGM 110; wherein the BGM outflow fluid 117 is optionally refined 120in whole or in part optionally by heat 134 from the thermal plant module108; and/or wherein the exhaust gas 119 optionally may provide asubstantial portion of the carbon content of the BGM outflow fluid 117.An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 110 is configured tobe supplied by BGM feed water 160 which is optionally pretreated andcomprising: salt water 160; fresh water 160; high salinity water 160;wastewater 160; any source of water 160 from the Plan (for example, FIG.3); another water type(s) 160; and/or a combination thereof 160. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the BGM feed water 160 isoptionally processed through a primary treatment process 104, alsoreferred to as “primary treatment”, before being supplied to the BGM110. An embodiment includes the system wherein the primary treatmentprocess 104 comprises: screening; grit removal; sedimentation; additionof chemicals; and/or other means to prepare water for introduction intoa BGM 110. An embodiment includes the system wherein sludge 128 from theprimary treatment process 104 is optionally supplied to a gasificationmodule 125. An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 110 isconfigured to produce a biofuel 106, which biofuel 106 supplies thethermal plant module 108 either directly or after additional processing102 optionally comprising drying, separation from water such as steamstripping, for example, FIG. 21, purification, addition of chemicals,and/or blending with other fuels and/or gases and/or other processingsteps known to those in the art to prepare biofuel for use as fuel in athermal plant. An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM outflowfluid 117 is optionally processed before optionally fueling the thermalplant module 108, and wherein the BGM outflow fluid 117 is optionallybeing supplied to a gasification module 125, a BPP module 146 and/or aBBPP module 144, wherein the BGM outflow fluid 117 is processed by: atertiary treatment module 114; a gravity thickener 118 or other methodssuch as filtration, screening, coagulation, centrifugation,sedimentation, flocculation, bio-flocculation, flotation (includingdissolved air and hydrogen), gravity settling, gravity thickener, celldisruption, bacterial extraction (e.g., a bacterial process forprocessing biomass, for example, seehttp://www.soleybio.com/extractor-bacteria.html incorporated herein byreference and relied upon); ultrasound, microwave, solvent, cold press,transesterification, evaporation, electrophoresis, electroflotation,adsorption, ultrafiltration, precipitation, chromatography,crystallization, desiccation, lyophilization, drying, sterilization,hydrothermal processing, and/or other methods suitable for processingbiomass and/or biofuels known to a person of ordinary skill in the art(for example, see, Pandey, Ashok, Lee, Duu-Jong, and Chisti, Yusuf, eds.Biofuels from Algae. Amsterdam, NLD: Elsevier Science & Technology,2013. 85-110. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 16 Sep. 2015, incorporated herein byreference and relied upon and Shelef, G., A. Sukenik, and M. Green.Microalgae harvesting and processing: a literature review. No.SERI/STR-231-2396. Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd.,Haifa (Israel), 1984, incorporated herein by reference and relied uponand/or Shelef et al., is incorporated in U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 62173905, a priority document of this specification, filed Jun. 10,2015 as an Appendix to the Specification, also incorporated by referencein its entirety and relied upon); a dilution module 118; a refinerymodule 120; a heat recovery module 135, for use in the Plan, forexample, FIG. 2; and/or processing 136 optionally comprisingpurification, addition of chemicals (e.g., to stabilize biocrude and/orbiofuels), blending with other fuels, and/or any other processing stepsknown to those in the art to prepare the biocrude 132 and/or biofuels132 for use in the thermal plant module 108. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein the tertiary treatment module 114 is configured to supplya biomass/water slurry 116 to the gravity thickener or other methods 118known to a person of ordinary skill in the art (for example, authorShelef, et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.) toconcentrate, separate, and/or dilute the BGM outflow fluid 117. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 108 isconfigured to optionally provide heat and/or cooling 134 to: therefinery module 120; the BPP module 146; biomass products 147; the BBPPmodule 144; the BGM 110; the gasification module 125; processing 102 ofbiofuel 106; and/or a desalination module 145. An embodiment includesthe system wherein water 115 that is the result of the tertiarytreatment 114 is routed for water reuse 149 in the Plan, for example,FIG. 3, and/or optional recirculation 112 to the BGM 110. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the gravity thickener or other methods knownto a person of ordinary skill in the art (for example, author Shelef,et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.) to concentrate,separate, and/or dilute 118 the BGM outflow fluid 117 comprises: awater, biomass and/or extract 142 output; a treated biomass/water slurry130 output (also defined as a BGM outflow fluid); and/or a water output140. An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of thetreated biomass/water slurry 130 is directed to: the refinery module120; and/or the gasification module 125. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein the water, biomass, and/or an extract 142 thereof issupplied to the BPP module 146. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the water 140 output from the gravity thickener or other methodsknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art (for example, authorShelef, et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.) toconcentrate, separate, and/or dilute 118 the BGM outflow fluid 117 isrouted for water reuse 149 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 3. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the BPP module 146 comprises:biomass products 147 outputs which are optionally routed to a BBPPmodule 144; heat, water, and/or carbon dioxide 148 outputs which areoptionally routed for reuse 149 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, FIG. 3and/or FIG. 4; and/or residuals 133 optionally routed to the refinerymodule 120. An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinerymodule 120 receives optional inputs selected from: other biomasssource(s) 161; other waste 161; and/or pressure 132. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the refinery module 120 has optional outputsselected from: biocrude 132; biofuel 132; water 150; and/or residuals122. An embodiment includes the system wherein the biocrude 132 and/orbiofuel 132 outputs from the refinery module 120 serve in whole or inpart as the BGM outflow fluid output which output optionally fuels thethermal plant module 108. An embodiment includes the system wherein thebiocrude 132 and/or biofuel 132 outputs from the refinery module 120undergo additional steps selected from the following before optionallyfueling the thermal plant module 108: a heat recovery module 135, foruse in the Plan, for example, FIG. 2; and/or processing 136 optionallycomprising purification, addition of chemicals (e.g., to stabilizebiocrude and/or biofuels), blending with other fuels, and/or any otherprocessing steps known to those in the art to prepare the biocrude 132and/or biofuels 132 for use in the thermal plant module 108. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 120 generatesresiduals 122 which are optionally sent to a gasification module 125. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the gasification module 125produces a biogas 127 output. An embodiment includes the system whereinthe biogas 127 output is optionally further processed 131 optionallycomprising drying, separation from water, purification, addition ofchemicals, and/or blending with other fuels and/or gases and/or otherprocessing steps known to those in the art to prepare biogas as fuel ina thermal plant.” An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas127 output optionally partially or fully fuels the thermal plant module108. An embodiment includes the system wherein the gasification module125 produces a residuals 124 output. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the residuals 124 output is supplied to the BGM 110. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module's 120 water150 output is directed to an optional heat 152, for example, FIG. 2and/or pressure recovery module 152, for example, FIG. 23. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the heat 152, for example, FIG. 2 and/orpressure recovery module 152, for example, FIG. 23 produces a water 154output wherein the water is reused 156 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 3.An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 108optionally provides power to the Plan. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the desalination module 145 generates a water 143 and/or brine141 outputs. An embodiment includes the system wherein the water 143output is directed to a BBPP module 144 for packaging. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the brine 141 output is discharged eitherwith or without dilution from other water sources in the Plan, forexample, FIG. 3.

In reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system100 comprising a BPP module 146 collocated with a BBPP module 144. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the BPP module 146 provides abiomass and/or biomass product 147 output stream(s) to the BBPP module144. An embodiment includes the system wherein the BPP module 146receives inputs of: water 142; biomass 142; extract 142; heat 134;and/or any combination of the afore mentioned. An embodiment includesthe system wherein the following are reclaimed from the BPP module 146:heat 148; carbon dioxide 148; water 148; and/or residuals 133. Anembodiment includes the system wherein residuals, for example, 122, 124,133 may comprise any portion of material not used in a process ormodule, including optionally: biomass; water; sediment; sludge;solvent(s); and/or chemical residues. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the residuals 133 are sent to a refinery module 120. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the BBPP module 144 receives aninput of heat 134. An embodiment includes the system wherein the heat134 is provided by a thermal plant module 108. An embodiment includesthe system wherein the thermal plant module 108 and BBPP module 144 arecollocated.

In reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system100 wherein any two or more of the following are collocated: a thermalplant module 108; a BGM 110; a refinery module 120; a gasificationmodule 125; a BPP module 146; a BBPP module 144; and/or a desalinationmodule 145 wherein the modules are operatively in communication with oneanother and may exchange heat, biomass, water, carbon dioxide, residualsand/or other resources and/or byproducts as described in the Plan. Anembodiment includes the system wherein any one or more of modules: athermal plant module 108; a BGM 110; a refinery module 120; agasification module 125; a BPP module 146; a BBPP module 144; and/or adesalination module 145 is a retrofitted module. An embodiment includesthe system wherein biomass from any source(s) may be processed by: therefinery module 120; the gasification module 125; and/or the BPP module146. An embodiment includes the system wherein residuals may be directedfrom any of these modules to any other(s) for processing: a thermalplant module 108; a BGM 110; a refinery module 120; a gasificationmodule 125; a BPP module 146; a BBPP module 144; and/or a desalinationmodule 145. An embodiment includes the system wherein fuels producedfrom processing may be provided as fuels to the thermal plant module 108either directly and/or with additional treatment, processing and/or heatrecovery.

In reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof integrating a thermal plant 108 and a BGM 110 comprising: providingthe system 100 and generating a biomass in the BGM 110. An embodimentincludes the method further comprising refining the biomass to abiofuel. An embodiment includes the method further comprising deliveringthe biomass to the thermal plant 108. An embodiment includes the methodfurther comprising delivering the biofuel to the thermal plant 108. Anembodiment includes the method further comprising combusting the biomassin the thermal plant 108. An embodiment includes the method furthercomprising delivering thermal plant 108 exhaust gas 119 to the BGM 110.An embodiment includes the method further comprising processing thebiomass into non-fuel products. An embodiment includes the methodfurther comprising removing pollutants from the thermal plant 108exhaust gas.

In reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof integrating: a thermal plant module 108; a BGM 110; a refinery module120; a gasification module 125; a BBP module 146; a BBPP module 144;and/or a desalination module 145; comprising providing the system ofclaim 37 wherein the one or more of: the thermal plant module 108; theBGM 110; the refinery module 120; the gasification module 125; the BBPmodule 146; the BBPP module 144; and/or the desalination module 145 is aretrofitted module; and integrating the one or more retrofitted moduleinto one or more grids which grids are in operative communication withone another. An embodiment includes the method wherein operativecommunication comprises exchanging: heat; biomass; water; carbondioxide; residuals; and/or other resources and/or byproducts between theone or more retrofitted module and/or the one or more grids.

In an embodiment, the disclosed design and/or methods, e.g., those ofFIG. 2, may provide a highly productive, e.g., a substantially adiabaticuse, of energy, e.g., waste energy, emitted from a thermal plant. Forexample, many thermal power plants require significant cooling whilegenerating energy. The energy of thermal power plants or otherindustrial plants, e.g., steel plants, may comprise heat which may beused in a thermal process, optionally comprising a thermodynamic processor thermodynamic cycle, such as a Rankine Cycle using a working fluid toabsorb and release heat to generate electricity, which may be definedherein as “primary process heat” in these systems, but another portionof the heat energy may be often wasted and dumped to the environmentwherein the energy may be not used to drive other processes, forexample, the heat removed in order to cool a working fluid in athermodynamic cycle. The portion of heat generated and often dischargedin this way may be termed “waste energy” or “waste heat.” The amount ofwaste heat produced in thermal power plants typically varies between 40%and 75% of the heat content of the fuel. For example: A simple cyclepower plant produces about 51-67% waste heat. A combined cycle powerplant produces approximately 35-50% waste heat. Oil-fired generators andCoal-fired generators produce approximately 56-72% waste heat. Nuclearpower plants produce approximately 55-70% waste heat. Most heat recoverysystems may be configured to recover approximately 15-20% of the wasteheat, which may be often used solely for secondary power generation, andthe remaining waste heat may be simply discharged into the environment,being truly wasted, and often causing environmental damage. Thedisclosed integrated infrastructure Plan, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B,11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C,20D and/or other figures and/or description relevant to heat captureand/or transfer, not only has standard heat recovery technologies forpower generation, but makes productive use of all waste heat, fromhigher temperature waste heat, to lower temperature waste heat that maybe not suitable for power generation. All heat sources above ambienttemperature may be put to innovative and extremely productive use e.g.,in the Plan for refining biomass/biofuel, warming the BGM to optimizetemperature, other low temperature power generation,recycling/packaging, desalination, and/or other uses e.g., FIG. 2. In anembodiment, the heat used in the processes and/or systems of thedisclosure may be a combination of primary heat and waste heat in anyproportion, e.g., from 1/50 to 1/1 or from 1/10 to 3/1, or from 1/5 to5/1, or all waste heat, or all primary heat. In some cases, primaryprocess heat may be substituted for, used concurrently with, and/or usedto augment waste heat, e.g., for the applications in FIG. 2 and/or otherfigures and/or discussion relating to use of heat. Also, cooling fromany source may be used in the same way, and cooling may be cogeneratedfrom any heat source and/or reclaimed heat e.g., in the Plan by anytechnology know to those in the art, especially using waste and/orprimary process heat from the thermal plant, and the cooling may be usede.g., in the Plan in the same manner as heat e.g., FIG. 2, and in otherways beneficial to the Plan, such as for refrigeration (e.g., of biomassproducts produced by the Plan), air conditioning of buildings, refiningof biomass, and/or other uses e.g., FIG. 2. Thus, in an embodiment, theprocess and/or system of the described Plan and method may capture fromapproximately 10% to 90%, or from 15% to 85% or from 20% to 70% or from30% to 60% or from 40% to 50% of the waste heat of a thermal plant andoptionally heat and/or cooling generated and/or reclaimed from any ofthe modules e.g., FIG. 2, and uses it in the described Plan and/ormethod.

In an embodiment e.g., FIGS. 1 and/or 14, biomass products requiringbottling may be bottled in a collocated water bottling/biomass productsbottling/packaging plant (BBPP). In an embodiment, solid biomassproducts and/or biomass products in oil may also be packaged in thisplant.

Depending on the biomass strain used, some types of fuel may begenerated directly by the biomass in the biomass growth module. In oneor more embodiments, e.g., those of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 10, these fuelsmay be separated from the water in the biomass growth module, either byevaporation and/or other means, and may be used directly as fuel and/orfurther refined and then used as fuel for the thermal plant and/or otheruse. These fuels may follow the process path shown in 106 and 102 ofFIG. 1, FIG. 10, and/or may be routed to the Refinery and/or BPP and/orto the BBPP.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 5, and/or 6, salt water,high salinity salt water, fresh water, wastewater (either partiallytreated or raw), and/or other water types may be used either in separatebiomass growth units and/or combined as desired in certain BGUs and/orindividual BGU subunits within the BGM, and/or several variations ofBGUs may be used concurrently and/or sequentially. Further illustrationof different optional BGUs and their components are given FIG. 6, anddescribed herein.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or FIG. 9, an exemplarybiomass refining technique that may be used is a hydrothermal processing(HTP) method known as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). FIG. 9 is anexemplary process for performing HTL. Such a liquefaction processtypically produces a biocrude and water. In a first step, thebiomass/water slurry may be processed by a tertiary treatment,optionally concentrated by a gravity thickener 2, and/or by anotherconcentrating technique known to a person of skill in the art, e.g.,centrifugation, and/or may be diluted with water from any source. Thenbiomass grown in a biomass growth module containing water and/or abiomass/water slurry may be heated by the thermal plant and undergo HTPin situ, and/or the heated mixture may be sent to a refinery where itmay be fed to a hydrothermal liquefaction module.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or FIG. 6, heat and/orenergy may be supplied to an HTP module by the thermal plant and/or aseparate heating process optionally powered by the thermal plant. Oncethe hydrothermal processing is complete, the HTP module may release theproducts of the process, e.g., for HTL or RTP, typically mostly abiocrude and water; for CHG, biogas. The HTP module may be a staticcontainer of any design, or a moving conveyance of any description whereHTP is performed, depending on design preferences. It may utilize abatch method, constant flow, intermittent flow, and/or another flowmethod. The biocrude may be used directly as a fuel source for thethermal plant, and/or may be further dried and/or refined, and then usedas a fuel source for the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or FIG. 6, a WWTP or anyof its components may be adapted for use as a BGM, or to support a BGM.WWTP ponds are generally too deep to be optimal for biomass growth, suchas algae. The WWTP ponds may be filled in to provide more shallow pondssuitable to aquatic biomass, and stirring and/or a carbon dioxide sourcemay be added, as in a raceway design. Alternatively, lighting may beadded below the pond surface to light the deep WWTP ponds in order tomake them suitable for biomass growth, such as algae. If beneficial,WWTP ponds and/or other structures may be used to contain water that isin contact with BGM or any of its components in order to regulate thetemperature of the BGM or any of its components. For example, BGUbioreactors may be fully or partially submerged in or in another mannerput in contact with (e.g. floating on) ponds currently or formerly usedas part of a WWTP in order to create a more stable temperature in thebioreactor. Also, WWTP ponds and/or other structures may be heated orcooled using heat or cooling generated in the thermal plant, and/or fromother sources in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 3) in order to optimize the BGM orany of its components. Any of these adaptations of a WWTP to support aBGM may be used with active WWTPs to the extent practical, or those thatare converted over to BGMs, and are no longer used as WWTPs.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or FIG. 6, and descriptionregarding BGU operation and design, notwithstanding the constructionand/or operation of the biomass growth module(s) comprising embodimentsthat comprise photosynthesis, non-photosynthetic, and/or a mixture ofprocesses for biomass growth, the design may comprise structures topartially block, redirect, filter, concentrate, and/or otherwise modifylight being introduced into the biomass growth module or individual BGUsand/or BGU components. For example, in an embodiment, a photosyntheticbioreactor used to grow biomass using light is configured to grow anorganism or organisms also in the dark by selectively blocking and/orfiltering sunlight at predefined times and/or in response to detectedconditions and selectively unblocking and/or removing such filters ofthe sunlight at other times and/or under other detected and/or selectedconditions. Different wavelengths of light may also be filtered outwhere beneficial (e.g., FIG. 8) either using equipment outside of thebioreactor, and/or by modifying the bioreactor itself (e.g., thebioreactor coating is configured to selectively filter light).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3, a saltwater BGU discharge, or biomass/water slurry, or treated biomass/waterslurry after BGM post treatment steps as noted in FIG. 1, whichcomprises a biomass and/or biofuel laden salt water may operatesubstantially free of primary and/or tertiary treatment, and/or may beused in the same methods and/or systems described for other BGUdischarges in the Plan, comprising: use as cooling water in the thermalplant; to perform hydrothermal processing (HTP); to preheat for HTP,and/or other biomass processing technologies. If the BGU is heated inany manner, the heat may be reclaimed before discharge by one of themethods given herein. After biomass production and/or other uses withinthe Plan, the salt water used may be mixed and discharged along with theoptional desalination plant brine discharge, providing some dilutioneffect to the brine discharge, or may be reclaimed and used as noted inthe Plan (See FIG. 3).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14, awater bottling/biomass products bottling/packaging plant (BBPP) may beadded optionally as part of the Plan. In one or more embodiments, anyone or more of the components within the BBPP may be used (e.g., waterbottling only, biomass bottling only, and/or other biomass packagingtypes only.) Water bottling lines may be used to bottle treated drinkingwater generated from the DP.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14, thedesalinated water used for water bottling may require additionaldisinfection prior to bottling. Heat from the thermal plant and/or anyother source(s) in the Plan (See FIG. 2) may be used for this purposeand/or for other purposes in the BBPP. The BBPP can provide drinkingwater for daily per capita consumption, stockpiled for emergency, and/orproduced for export, if desired. The BBPP may also package liquid and/orsolid biomass-derived products. It may produce carbonated water and/orbiomass products using carbon dioxide from any source in the Plan, e.g.,FIG. 4. It may have a separate section from the water bottling sectionto package biocrude and/or other biofuels. Packaging may comprisebottling, barreling, preserving, cutting, pelletizing, boxing,containerizing, compressing, pressurizing and putting into tanks, and/orother means of preparing products for storage, export and/or marketing.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14 theBBPP may have warehouse space to store these products before shipmentoffsite and/or use in the Plan. In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS.1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14, biomass products produced onsite, mostnotably liquid and/or solid biomass products, may also bebottled/packaged quickly after production and/or otherwise preserved inthe BBPP. In an embodiment, the biomass products may be cooled usingcogenerated cooling from the thermal plant and/or other sources beforeand/or after packaging to preserve freshness. The prompt packagingand/or cooling (such as refrigeration), where needed, may preservedelicate products promptly onsite and prepare them for market in themost beneficial way.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 1, a portion or all of the BBPPequipment for disinfecting desalinated water before bottling may beshared with the WWTP and/or WWTBGU, such as disinfection treatment (e.g.UV treatment).a portion or all of the BBPP equipment for disinfectingdesalinated water before bottling may be shared with the WWTP and/orWWTBGU, such as disinfection treatment (e.g. UV).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, thermal plant technologies of any kindwhich may predate implementation of the Plan may be incorporated intothe Plan as the thermal plant module or a component or technology of thethermal plant module (e.g., an pre-existing coal-fired plant may beretrofitted to the Plan, and become part of the thermal plant module,which connects to the rest of the Plan). In one or more embodiments, anyother pre-existing component, technology, unit, subunit, feature, and/ormodule which may be retrofitted to become a technology, unit, subunit,feature and/or module and/or a means of connection and/or communicationbetween modules, units, subunits, technologies and/or other features ofthe Plan, or to otherwise to be comprised by any feature of the Plan,may be retrofitted and included into the Plan (e.g., a waste-to-energysystem, a WWTP, a BGM, a refinery, a BPP, a waste handling plant,recycling plant, a solar thermal technology, a desalination plant, aBBPP, a water intake, and/or any other module, unit, subunit technologyand/or other component of the Plan).

In one more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7A, 7B, 10, 11, 22and/or 25 and/or any other figures and/or description relation toresources, heat and/or cooling, and/or other aspects of a thermal plant,thermal plant technologies, fuel type and/or flow, air flow and/orcontent, water selection, water flow, and/or any other aspect ofperformance known to those in the art may be controlled with sensorsand/or dynamic controls.

In an embodiment 200, with reference to FIG. 2, the thermal plant 222provides heat energy/heat transfer and/or cogenerated cooling 216 to anyone or more of the modules of grid 200. Thermal Plant (TP) 222 comprisesoptionally any one or more plant(s), modules, submodules, technologies,components, features, and/or supporting systems collectively fittingwithin the definition of a thermal plant, comprising optionally one ormore of the following features: thermal power plant(s), a WTE unit, thatmay comprise an MSW incineration unit, other direct combustiontechnologies, a plasma gasification unit (plasma), and/or one or moresubmodules 224 comprising any biomass/WTE fuel generation technologieswhich may require heat and/or cooling, optionally: a pyrolysis unit, anHTP unit, a cellulosic ethanol/isobutanol/butanol unit, adesorber/condenser, and/or other technology(ies) which may generatefuel, which may require or benefit from the use of heat and/or cooling.A rotary kiln incinerator 226 may also be included in the TP 222 forrendering harmful solid wastes inert. The TP may comprise othertechnologies and/or features defined as thermal plant technologies. TP222 connects optionally to any or all units of the grid through heatand/or cooling communication to desalination unit 214, a BGM 212, arefinery 202, a recycling unit 206, a BBPP (bottling/packaging plant)207, heat/cooling recovery unit(s) 208, heat/cooling storage unit(s)218, biogas/natural gas storage unit(s) 221, air conditioning/heatingunit(s) 210, product storage unit(s) 220, and/or thermal planttechnologies which may benefit from heat and/or cooling, such aspyrolysis, HTP, cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol, adesorber/condenser, and/or other thermal plant technologies using heatand/or cooling 224, and/or offsite uses 228. Refinery and/or BPP 202comprise module(s) 204, that optionally comprise any of the followingheat and/or cooling intensive processes: HTP unit (comprisingtechnologies such as HTL, CHG, and/or RTP) 204A, anaerobic digestionunit 204B, a supercritical fluid extraction unit 204C, and/or otherprocesses of biofuel processing known to those of skill in the art,and/or biofuel and/or biomass drying unit 202A. Heat and/or cooling maybe recovered in any heat/cooling recovery processes e.g., as describedherein 208 from the TP 222, desalination unit 214, BGM 212, refinery202, recycling unit 206, BBPP (bottling/packaging plant) 207, and/orheat and/or cooling from any source interacting with the grid may bestored and later used from one or more heat/cooling storage unit(s) 218,and heat/cooling 234 from offsite sources 228, may optionally beprovided back to the grid for use in any of the foregoing processes,modules, and/or units. Heat may be added to the grid by sunlight basinand/or solar/thermal plant 230 that may optionally feed a BGM watersource 232, and/or the other modules shown in FIG. 3. The “sunlightbasin” may comprise any method of exposing water to sunlight and/orambient temperature. In an embodiment, in a “sunlight basin”, water maybe routed through decorative fountains, lakes pools and/or otherfeatures which allow for warming of certain water sources, such as deepsea intake salt water, before use in a process. All heat and/or coolingflows depicted by lines or arrows may be optional and managed. Heatand/or cooling optional managed flows (e.g., lines and/or arrows of200), heating/cooling recovery 208, and/or heating/cooling storage 218,and/or use of heat and/or cooling and/other processes and/orconfiguration of modules to use heat and/or cooling as e.g., FIG. 2 maybe accomplished in any manner herein disclosed and/or known to those inthe art. It should be noted that while the flows, connections and/orcommunication of heat and/or cooling e.g., in the Plan may be presentedusing lines as a “grid” to illustrate any possible connection and/orcommunication process steps for the use of heat/cooling betweendifferent modules, units or other components, actual flows and/orsources of heat and/or cooling may or may not be mixed or combined, orused universally e.g., in the Plan. In an embodiment, higher and lowerlevels of heat and/or cooling may or may not be mixed, rather, actualconnections and/or communication between modules and/or processes may bemanaged and/or limited such that flows of heat and/or cooling atdifferent temperatures, in different media, and made available atdifferent times may be directed to as few as one or as many as allpossible uses of heat and/or cooling illustrated as the “grid”. In thismanner the “grid” may take the practical form of many sub-systems withseparate and distinct connections/communication/flows between a smallersubset of modules/units/processes within the “grid” of FIG. 2.

The water resources needed to absorb and carry heat away from thermalplants can be very significant. When this large amount of waste heat maybe discharged into the environment in the form of heated air, steamand/or water, or by other means energy may be lost, water may be used,and it can produce detrimental effects to the environment.

In an embodiment, the Plan and method relate to a method of providing acooling fluid, e.g., an aqueous fluid, air, and/or other fluid, to athermal plant, while concomitantly, e.g., concurrently, transferringwaste heat energy generated by the thermal plant. In an embodiment, thewaste heat may be used productively in a process to refine the aqueouseffluent(s) or discharge(s) of a biomass growth module, e.g., water,fuels, and/or a biomass. In reference to FIG. 2 an embodiment of thedisclosure includes a system 200 configured to use and reclaim heatand/or cooling from a thermal plant module and/or another module,wherein heat and/or cooling is provided to and/or reclaimed from: a BGM212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; an airconditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; a BBPP module207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module 214; a wasteto energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; a heat/coolingstorage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208; offsiteheating/cooling 228 for use outside of the Plan; heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; ahydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling.

An embodiment includes the system wherein heat and/or cooling reclaimedfrom: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; an airconditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; a BBPP module207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module 214; a wasteto energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; a heat/coolingstorage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208; offsiteheating/cooling 228 for use outside of the Plan; heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; ahydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling is provided to: a BGM 212; a refinery module202; a BPP module 202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; arecycling module 206; a BBPP module 207; a products storage module 220;a desalination module 214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogasstorage module 221; a heat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/coolingrecovery module 208; offsite heating/cooling 228 for use outside of thePlan; heating/cooling for discharge; and/or some systems optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysisprocesses module 224; a hydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling.

An embodiment includes the system wherein: a BGM 212; a refinery module202; a BPP module 202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; arecycling module 206; a BBPP module 207; a products storage module 220;a desalination module 214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogasstorage module 221; a heat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/coolingrecovery module 208; offsite heating/cooling 228 for use outside of thePlan; heating/cooling for discharge; and/or some systems optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysisprocesses module 224; a hydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling are collocated.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 222is configured to supply waste heat to heat the BGM 212.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 222is configured to discharge waste heat as a heated fluid.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heated fluid is feddirectly or in part as a water source and/or gas source to the BGM 212,a BGU, and/or any subunit of a BGU.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heated fluid is configuredto provide heat transfer to the BGM 212, a BGU, and/or any subunit of aBGU without direct interaction with the BGM 212. Direct interaction maybe defined as a fluid entering a module, unit and/or subunit optionallycomprising mixing with its fluids and/or an incoming fluid.

An embodiment includes the system wherein offsite heating/cooling 228comprises a fresh water source and/or salt water intake.

With reference to Table 1 a system configured to use and reclaim heatand/or cooling from a thermal plant module and/or another module,wherein heat and/or cooling is provided to and/or reclaimed from:

-   -   a) a BGM;    -   b) a refinery module;    -   c) a BPP module;    -   d) an air conditioning/heating module;    -   e) a recycling module;    -   f) a BBPP module;    -   g) a products storage module;    -   h) a desalination module;    -   i) a waste to energy module;    -   j) a biogas storage module;    -   k) a heat/cooling storage module;    -   l) a heat/cooling recovery module;    -   m) offsite heating/cooling;    -   n) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or    -   o) some systems optionally comprised by the thermal plant module        selected from:        -   1. a pyrolysis processes module;        -   2. a hydrothermal processing module;        -   3. a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or        -   4. a desorber/condenser module.

The combinations of Table 1 provide embodiments related to thisembodiment.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the fresh water source and/orsalt water intake provide heat and/or cooling to any one or more ofmodules: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; an airconditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; a BBPP module207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module 214; a wasteto energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; a heat/coolingstorage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208; and/or somesystems optionally comprised by the thermal plant module 222 selectedfrom: a pyrolysis processes module 224; a hydrothermal processing module224; a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; adesorber/condenser module 224; and/or other processes comprised by thethermal plant module 222 which require heat and/or cooling.

An embodiment includes the system wherein outputs of heat and/or coolingfrom any one of modules: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; aBBPP module 207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; aheat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208;offsite heating/cooling 228 for use outside of the Plan; heating/coolingfor discharge; and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermalplant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; ahydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling share heating and/or cooling transmissionmodules and/or technologies, and/or heat and/or cooling storagemodule(s) and/or unit(s).

In reference to FIG. 2 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof using and reclaiming heat and/or cooling from a thermal plant moduleand/or another module comprising: generating heat and/or cooling at amodule; transmitting heat and/or cooling to another module; using all ora portion of the heat and/or cooling in the thermal plant module and/orin the another module; and optionally transmitting unused heat and/orcooling from the thermal plant module and/or in the another module tothe module, wherein heat and/or cooling is provided to and/or reclaimedfrom: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; an airconditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; a BBPP module207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module 214; a wasteto energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; a heat/coolingstorage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208; heating/coolingexternal to or apart from the method for use outside 228 of the Plan;heating/cooling for discharge; and/or some systems optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processesmodule 224; a hydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling.

An embodiment includes the method wherein heat and/or cooling reclaimedfrom: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; an airconditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; a BBPP module207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module 214; a wasteto energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; a heat/coolingstorage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208; heating/coolingexternal to or apart from the method for use outside 228 of the Plan;heating/cooling for discharge; and/or some systems optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processesmodule 224; a hydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling is provided to: a BGM 212; a refinery module202; a BPP module 202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; arecycling module 206; a BBPP module 207; a products storage module 220;a desalination module 214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogasstorage module 221; a heat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/coolingrecovery module 208; heating/cooling external to or apart from themethod for use outside 228 of the Plan; heating/cooling for discharge;and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermal plant module 222selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; a hydrothermalprocessing module 224; a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module224; a desorber/condenser module 224; and/or other processes comprisedby the thermal plant module 222 which require heat and/or cooling.

An embodiment includes the method wherein: a BGM 212; a refinery module202; a BPP module 202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; arecycling module 206; a BBPP module 207; a products storage module 220;a desalination module 214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogasstorage module 221; a heat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/coolingrecovery module 208; heating/cooling external to or apart from themethod for use outside 228 of the Plan; heating/cooling for discharge;and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermal plant module 222selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; a hydrothermalprocessing module 224; a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module224; a desorber/condenser module 224; and/or other processes comprisedby the thermal plant module 222 which require heat and/or cooling arecollocated.

An embodiment includes the method wherein outputs of heat and/or coolingfrom any one of modules: a BGM 212; a refinery module 202; a BPP module202; an air conditioning/heating module 210; a recycling module 206; aBBPP module 207; a products storage module 220; a desalination module214; a waste to energy module 222; a biogas storage module 221; aheat/cooling storage module 218; a heat/cooling recovery module 208;offsite heating/cooling 228 for use outside of the Plan; heating/coolingfor discharge; and/or some systems optionally comprised by the thermalplant module 222 selected from: a pyrolysis processes module 224; ahydrothermal processing module 224; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 224; a desorber/condenser module 224;and/or other processes comprised by the thermal plant module 222 whichrequire heat and/or cooling share heating and/or cooling transmissionmodules and/or technologies, and/or heat and/or cooling storagemodule(s) and/or unit(s).

In certain embodiments, e.g., those represented by FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B,11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C,20D and/or other figures and embodiments regarding heat capture and/ortransfer, the present disclosure relates to a method of providing acooling fluid, e.g., a necessary cooling water, to a thermal plant,while concurrently making productive use of the waste heat energygenerated by the thermal plant, which waste heat may otherwise be simplydischarged unproductively, and at times, destructively, into theenvironment. The waste heat may be used productively, e.g., to regulatebioreactor temperature and/or in a process to refine water, fuels,and/or biomass produced in a biomass growth module into useful products.

The disclosed integrated infrastructure Plan, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A,7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B,20C, 20D and/or other figures and/or description relevant to heatcapture and/or transfer, not only has standard heat recoverytechnologies for power generation, but makes productive use of all wasteheat, from higher temperature waste heat, to lower temperature wasteheat that is not suitable for power generation. All heat sources aboveambient temperature may be put to innovative and extremely productiveuse in the Plan for refining biomass/biofuel, warming the BGM tooptimize temperature, other low temperature power generation,recycling/packaging, desalination, and/or other uses as shown in FIG. 2.In one or more embodiments, the heat used in the processes and/orsystems of the invention may be a combination of primary heat and wasteheat in any proportion, e.g., from 1/50 to 1/1 or from 1/10 to 3/1, orfrom 1/5 to 5/1, or all waste heat, or all primary heat.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, abiomass/water slurry generated by the biomass growth module is heated bywaste heat generated in the thermal plant and “flash refined” in aprocess referred to as hydrothermal processing, which may comprisehydrothermal liquefaction, RTP, catalytic hydrothermal gasificationand/or any other hydrothermal processing method. The heatedbiomass/water slurry may be pressurized if necessary for the specificHTP process and/or operating conditions, and the outputs of theseprocesses are primarily water and biocrude oil and/or methane and/orcarbon dioxide.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or figures or descriptionrelevant to heat transfer and/or capture, the water containing biomassdischarged from the biomass growth module, or “BGM outflow fluid”comprising a biomass/water slurry optionally after the processing stepsshown in FIG. 1, may be sent to the thermal plant to provide coolingand/or heat capture in a variety of ways. The BGM outflow fluidcontaining biomass from a BGM may be used directly to cool the thermalplant, may be further processed and then used to cool the thermal plant,and/or may be used in a heat exchange system with another fluid coolingthe thermal plant whereby it cools and captures heat from the thermalplant indirectly, depending on the nature of the BGM outflow fluid, andthe water quality needs of the particular thermal plant technologytype(s) in use, and/or other factors. Alternatively, heat from thethermal plant may be transferred by any other means to the biomass/waterslurry.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,heat captured from a thermal plant may be used productively to refinebiofuels generated directly in the biomass growth module, and/or thebiomass in a biomass/water slurry, optionally processed in any mannerknown to those in the art, without harvesting by the use of such methodsas hydrothermal processing, and/or any other method of refining thebiomass growth module output, especially those without harvesting,and/or to preheat for any of the foregoing. Alternatively oradditionally, biomass may be processed and/or harvested by any or acombination of the methods described supra and/or by any other methodthat produces biomass and/or biofuel that is useful for fuels and/orother products, and/or in the synthesis of fuels and/or other products.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,heat and/or cogenerated cooling from thermal plant combustion exhaustmay be delivered via a conveyance and employed to heat and/or cool aBGM, individual BGU(s), and/or individual BGU components maintaining anoptimal biological growth and/or reproduction rate in a biomass growthmodule. As biomass growth is typically temperature-dependent, duringcolder seasons, and/or with daily temperature changes, and/or othertemperature fluctuations, such heat, e.g., waste heat, assistsbiological growth in many cases; and/or such heat may be used in otherprocesses, optionally comprising heating water for any process orpurpose in the Plan (See FIG. 2). Waste heat may also be converted tocooling (e.g., via cogeneration) in order to regulate BGM, individualBGU, or BGU component temperatures to prevent overheating, inrefining/processing biomass, such as the condensing of recycledsolvents, to cool/refrigerate biomass products, and/or for any other usein the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transferand/or FIG. 3, and/or other figures and/or description relevant to wateruse and/or movement, cooling water from any source may be used to coolthe thermal plant, and then routed for optional primary treatment (permodule 104 of FIG. 1) and then for direct use as source water in theBGM, mixed with another water source and used as source water in theBGM, or simply used to transfer heat to water used in the BGM or anotherprocess. In any of these or other manners disclosed herein, and/or byany other means known to those of skill in the art, temperature in theBGM may be regulated either directly or indirectly by water outflowsfrom the thermal plant optionally in combination with other watersources. Gases and/or other fluid outflows from the thermal plant,likewise may be used alone or in combination with other sources of heatto regulate the temperature of the BGM and/or other components of thePlan, (e.g., FIGS. 7A, 7B, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, and/or 12E). If coolingis needed, any of the aforementioned sources of heat may be used tocogenerate cooling, which may be supplied to the Plan as in FIG. 2.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 3, 6, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture, and/or transfer, aBGM and/or its components, and/or water transfer, a BGM, a BGU, a BGUsubunit and/or any other BGU component may be fully or partiallyimmersed in a pool, other container, stream or water body fed by a watersupply used to capture waste heat from a thermal plant, and/or supplycooling (e.g., cool water) wherein the BGM temperature is regulated bycontact with heated or cool water supply.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, andFIG. 23, and/or other figures and/or description relevant to pressureuse and/or transfer, once heat has been absorbed by the biomass/waterslurry, the slurry may be optionally directed to a refinery forrefinement and/or further processing, which refinery may comprise HTPmodule, such as the HTL module in FIG. 9, or another hydrothermalprocess module, where the temperature is elevated as necessary andmaintained (e.g., at or above about 350 degrees Celsius (662 F) for HTL)by additional heating (from the thermal plant and/other source(s),comprising heat recovery from any aspect of the Plan, See FIG. 2), andpressure is elevated as necessary for the particular HTP method (e.g.,for HTL, approximately 3000 PSI and maintained for approximately 1hour). In an embodiment, a closed reactor may be heated from 500-1300degrees F. with rapid heating, and the processing time may be about oneminute. For example see the following references are incorporated byreference herein and relied upon:http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/savage-20121108.html,http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef301925d and/orhttp://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/22/algae-liquefaction-what-is-is-and-why-it-might-be-the-key-to-affordable-drop-in-algae-biofuels/.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 23 and/orother figures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/ortransfer or pressure reclamation and reuse, energy used to generatepressure and/or heat may be recovered once a hydrothermal liquefactionand/or other HTP process is completed. Such energy may then betransferred to generate supplemental power and/or increase theefficiency of the Plan and/or method as in FIG. 23.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19and/or 23, heated water and/or biocrude may be directed through otherheat exchangers to reclaim heat used in processing the biomass. Pressuremay be recovered or reclaimed using standard technologies such asturbine or Pelton wheel, turbocharger, pressure exchanger (such asDWEER, the rotary pressure exchanger, and Dannfoss iSave), energyrecovery pump (such as the Clark pump, the Spectra Pearson pump, and/orother technologies suited to the purpose) and used to generate pressurefor another portion of heated biomass/water slurry being prepared toundergo hydrothermal processing, for movement of liquids through theprocess, for power generation, for desalination, for other processes inthe Plan, and/or other applications.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, recoveredheat from thermal plant exhaust gases, thermal plant cooling, comprisingembodiments using HTP of a biomass/water slurry, and/or any otherprocess in the Plan may be reused for any hydrothermal processing methodand/or other refining processes for water, biomass and/or biofuel,comprising distillation of fuels, drying of biomass for preheating thebiomass growth module water source, for either directly and/orindirectly heating the biomass growth module, for heating anaerobicdigestion (when used) to increase efficiency, biofuel, and/or waste inpreparation for combustion and/or other processes, in cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol processes, in supercritical fluidsextraction, for increasing the efficiency of an optional desalinationunit, for HTP of any organic waste which may mixed with biomass and/orwater and/or another fluid, and/or for other processes (See FIG. 2).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, 7A, 7B, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,and/or 12E, and/or figures or description relevant to heat transferand/or capture, heat may be generated/reclaimed for use in aboveapplications and/or for other applications in the Plan by the following:The thermal plant's waste heat in the form of exhaust gases and thatheat which is captured by thermal plant cooling water, primary processheat generated by the thermal plant (e.g., primary combustion processnon-waste heat), heat generated by any other thermal plant process, heatrecovered from HTP and/or other water/biofuel/biomass refining, heatthat may be recovered in processes used to cool the BGM, additionalsolar thermal techniques of any type, comprising solar troughs and/ortowers, optional desalination plant discharge, and/or any other processin the Plan where heat may be captured and/or recovered, comprisingreclamation of heat resulting from any process listed in [previoussection]. Heat exchangers and/or other known technologies may be used totransfer heat from one system to another and/or from one substrate toanother (e.g., water, vapor, solids to another substrate) and/ordifferent supplies of the same substrate type (e.g., wastewater toseparate water supply used in different processes, gases to other gases,etc.), which may transfer heat where needed in the Plan, for example,see FIGS. 12A-12E.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, and/or FIG.6, heat, e.g., waste heat, and/or cogenerated cooling from the thermalplant, the water discharge from HTP, and/or other heat-intensive processin the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2) may be provided to counteract temperaturevariations in the biomass growth module, a BGU within the BGM, and/orany component(s) of any BGU due to e.g., ambient temperature changeand/or other reasons that may be detrimental to optimal biomass growth.In this manner the co-location of the thermal plant and/or other heatsources and biomass growth module may enable daily and/or year-aroundoperation and optimization of the biomass growth module, e.g., a 24/7operation, and use in temperate climates where biomass, such as algaecannot grow effectively at ambient temperatures for all or part of theyear, or even in extremely cold climates, like arctic regions, where itis much too cold to grow biomass effectively in a normal biomass growthsystem. Likewise, cooling from the thermal plant may allow for biomassgrowth in extremely hot environments (e.g., deserts) which couldnormally hinder growth rates and/or limit the species available for use.Cooling generated in this fashion may also be used to generate coolingsuch as air conditioning and/or refrigeration for cooling buildings, forcooling or refrigeration of biomass products, for use in biomassrefining, such as condensing solvents evaporated off after extraction,for condensing and/or cooling other process gases, liquids and/or solidsthroughout the Plan, and/or for other uses potentially onsite and/oroffsite.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transferand/or FIG. 6, cooling from the thermal plant may allow for biomassgrowth in extremely hot environments (e.g., deserts) which couldnormally hinder growth rates and/or limit the species available for use.Cooling generated in this fashion may also be used to generate coolingsuch as air conditioning and/or refrigeration for cooling buildings, forcooling or refrigeration of biomass products, for use in biomassrefining, such as condensing solvents evaporated off after extraction,for condensing and/or cooling other process gases, liquids and/or solidsthroughout the Plan, and/or for other uses potentially onsite and/oroffsite.

In an embodiment, e.g., those referenced in FIGS. 2, 3, 19 and/or 20 thedesign and/or method relate to a method of providing a working fluid,e.g., an aqueous fluid, to a thermal plant, while concomitantly, e.g.,concurrently, transferring primary process heat energy generated by thethermal plant. In an embodiment, the heat is used productively in aprocess to refine the aqueous effluent(s) or discharge(s) of a biomassgrowth module, e.g., water, fuels, and/or a biomass serving as theworking fluid. The use of the discharge(s) of a biomass growth module inthis application may be in an open thermodynamic process, whereby freshportions of a discharge of a biomass growth module are continually usedin whole or in part as a working fluid, e.g., to generate power in theevaporation and turbine turning parts of a thermodynamic cycle, and thefully or partially refined biomass and/or biofuel resulting from such asystem may be removed from the water and used a fuel in the thermalplant optionally after further refining, and/or all or a portion of thewater may be reused in the thermal plant, and/or in any other processwhere water may be used in the Plan as shown in FIG. 3. In anembodiment, wet and/or dry biomass may be combusted to produce power inthe thermal plant and/or to synthesize biomass products. Biomass may bedried using waste heat and/or airflow from the thermal plant and/orairflow to the thermal plant either in a drying module attached to thethermal plant, comprised by the Refinery and/or BPP, and/or in aseparate biomass drying facility. Water captured from the drying processmay be re-introduced into the biomass growth module and/or elsewhere inthe Plan and/or waste heat from drying may be reclaimed and used in thePlan as in FIG. 2.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, athermal plant may generate waste heat and/or primary process heat whichmay be exported to water desalination in the desalination plant, biomassprocessing, and/or for other industrial uses. Heat may be used toperform desalination or to enhance the desalination process, dependingon the desalination method selected.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2 or other description related toheat generation and/or transfer, waste heat and/or primary process heatfrom Thermal Plant technologies may be used for Waste HTP and/or otherbiomass HTP (e.g., wood and/or agricultural waste) in the same way it isdescribed herein for an HTP processing of a biomass/water slurry.

In one or more embodiments, FIG. 2 and/or FIG. 10 and/or otherdescription related to fuel and/or heat generation and/or transfer, thesystem may comprise cellulosic ethanol, butanol and/or isobutanolproduction. In an embodiment, these fuels may be combusted on-site topower the Plan and/or for power export offsite, and/or the fuels may beexported offsite. Cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol technologies maybe used as a full or partial replacement for incineration to producefuels for combustion, and/or to produce sugars to feed biomass (e.g.,algae). Other technologies that produce compounds useful as fuels and/oras biomass feedstock from cellulose and/or other organic materialseither currently or in the future may also be used in the same manner.In one or more embodiments, FIG. 2, waste heat and/or primary processheat may be utilized from the Thermal Plant in a pretreatment stage,celluloytic process, distillation process, and/or possibly other stepsof these processes requiring heat.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer desalination plant filtration-basedprocesses and/or distillation-based processes both may use or benefitfrom waste heat and/or primary process heat from the Thermal Plant. Inan embodiment, filtration-based processes may utilize heat to increasethe efficiency of the filtration process. In an embodiment,distillation—based processes may use heat to distill water, and/or topreheat water in order to lower the heating requirements at thedistillation plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2 and/or FIG. 24K, waste heat maybe used for power generation to achieve electrolysis, e.g., sodiumhypochlorite (bleach) may be synthesized from DP brine discharge usingbrine electrolysis. . The bleach may be used throughout the Plan fordisinfection, cleaning, and/or other uses, and/or exported offsite. Inone or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24K and/or FIG. 10, brineelectrolysis provides hydrogen gas. The hydrogen may be used in a fuelcell to produce electricity, and/or returned to the thermal plant forcombustion.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer heat may be transferred to the DPfrom the heated water, biocrude and/or biofuel that result from HTPand/or other processing methods used to process biofuel, biomass and/ora biomass/water slurry using heat exchangers and/or other technologies,and/or from any other heat source(s) in the Plan, as shown in FIG. 2.The method may beneficially raise the temperature of the feed waterprior to desalination.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer heat may be transferred to the DPfrom the heated water, biocrude and/or biofuel that result from HTPand/or other processing methods used to process biofuel, biomass and/ora biomass/water slurry using heat exchangers or other technologies,and/or from any other heat source(s) in the Plan, as shown in FIG. 2.The method may beneficially raise the temperature of the feed waterprior to desalination.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer; and/or FIG. 3, a saltwater BGU mayuse salt water to produce biomass initially, and subsequently, a wateroutput may be directed in whole or in part to the DP for thedesalination process after biomass separation from the water (possiblyusing HTP, other currently known biomass separation/refining methods,and/or methods that may be developed in the future). The biomass actionon the salt water may remove organic materials, nutrients, and/or someminerals, which may result in a more efficient desalination process thanregular salt water. Also the salt water after HTP or a similar process(if used) may have been heated, and that heat may increase theefficiency of the desalination process.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3 and/or otherdescription related to heat generation and/or transfer and/or watertransfer, DP brine discharge to sea and/or by other methods may bediluted with water output from the BGM and/or WWTP, as needed tomitigate salinity to reduce or eliminate environmental damage due tohigh-salinity and/or high temperature brine.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer, a BBPP may use heat from any sourcein the Plan for disinfection and/or any other process(es) requiringheat.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description relatedto heat generation and/or transfer, waste heat from the thermal plantand/or heat recovered from other sources in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2) maybe used to generate cooling, such as air conditioning and/orrefrigeration for cooling buildings and/or for refrigeration of biomassproducts, for cooling the BGM where beneficial, and/or for other uses.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transferand/or water transfer, water that has been separated from biomass in aBGM outflow fluid or biomass/water slurry after it is processed and/orrefined may be used to cool the thermal plant and/or capture heat foruse in the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, theheated biocrude that is the product of HTP processes such as HTL, may befurther refined while still containing the heat from HTP. For example,HTL may typically raise the temperature of the biocrude to about 350degrees C. or higher, which is approximately the temperature needed foradditional refining to other fuels. Other HTP processes, likewise mayyield heated fuels possibly mixed with water. This heated mixture mayoptionally be dried (chemically and/or otherwise), and/or otherwiseprocessed to separate it from water and/or other constituents, and thensent as heated for refining to produce all other refined fuels that maybe derived from the type of biomass being used. For example, most algaebiomass processed through HTP may be converted to the same fuels thatcan be derived from petroleum, comprising LPG, gasoline, jet fuel,diesel, heating oil, fuel oil, and/or bitumen. Use of the already heatedbiocrude from HTP may save energy in further refining to refined fuels.Likewise, gaseous fuels that are the product of HTP processes, such asCHG, may utilize heat in the resultant gaseous biofuel possibly mixedwith steam in a similar way to provide heat for separation from waterand/or further refining of the biofuel. All heat used in any refiningactivities may be reclaimed as described herein, and/or reused in thePlan as in FIG. 2.

In an embodiment, e.g., those referenced in FIGS. 2, 3, 19 and/or 20,the design and method relate to a method of providing a working fluid,e.g., an aqueous fluid, to a thermal plant, while concomitantly, e.g.,concurrently, transferring primary process heat energy and/or waste heatgenerated by the thermal plant. In an embodiment, the heat may be usedproductively in a process to refine the aqueous effluent(s) ordischarge(s) of a biomass growth module, e.g., water, fuels, and/or abiomass serving as the working fluid. The use of the discharge(s) of abiomass growth module in this application may be in an openthermodynamic process, whereby fresh portions of a discharge of abiomass growth module may be continually used in whole or in part as aworking fluid, e.g., to generate power in the evaporation and/or turbineturning parts of a thermodynamic cycle, and the fully or partiallyrefined biomass and/or biofuel resulting from such a system may beremoved from the water and/or used a fuel in the thermal plantoptionally after further refining, heat may be reclaimed from theworking fluid and used, e.g., e.g., in the Plan e.g., FIG. 2, and all ora portion of the water may be reused in the thermal plant, and/or in anyother process where water may be used e.g., in the Plan e.g., FIG. 3. Inan embodiment, wet and/or dry biomass may be combusted to produce powerin the thermal plant and/or to synthesize biomass products. Biomass maybe dried using waste heat and/or airflow from the thermal plant and/orairflow to the thermal plant either in a drying module attached to thethermal plant, comprised by the Refinery and/or BPP, and/or in aseparate biomass drying facility. Water captured from the drying processmay be re-introduced into the biomass growth module and/or elsewheree.g., in the Plan and waste heat from drying may be reclaimed and usede.g., in the Plan e.g., FIG. 2.

In an embodiment, in system/grid 300, water may be used as a heat and/orcooling transfer and/or storage mechanism, a diluent, a means totransfer waste for treatment, a desalination/drinking water source, assource water for refining processes, for heat/cooling transfer, forirrigation, firefighting, cleaning, flushing, water features, asubstrate for biomass growth and transport, a mode to move nutrients tothe BGM, and/or other purposes e.g., as described herein. Water may beoptionally in fluid communication between any or all modules, e.g.,major and minor, modules, any of which may be optionally present incertain embodiments. For example, in an embodiment, refinery and/or BPP202 may comprise modules 204, that comprise optionally any of thefollowing: HTP 204A, anaerobic digester 204B, a supercritical fluidextraction unit 204C, and/or other processes of biomass and/or biofuelseparation from water and processing known to those of skill in the art,and biofuel/biomass drying unit 202. The following modules may beoptionally in fluid communication with each other: Thermal plant 222,refinery and/or BPP 202, desalination unit 214, BBPP 207 and BGM 212Afresh water source 302 and/or a salt water (e.g., sea water, brineand/or brackish water) intake 314 provide water to the grid. Downstreamfrom source 302, pretreatment module 304 and/or Pre-heating/coolingmodule 306 treat water for use within the grid. Similarly, pretreatmentmodule(s) 318 and/or Pre-heating/cooling module(s) 316 treat water foruse within the grid. One or more water use/reuse/processing modules orfacilities 310 may receive and/or provide water optionally treatedand/or optionally combined in whole or in part with other water streamsand/or otherwise processed for use or reuse to and/or from the thermalplant 222, BGM 212, Refinery and/or BPP 202, desalination plant 214, aBBPP (bottling/packaging facility) 207, waste receiving/recycling module206, any heating and/or cooling process 334 and/or water storagefacility(ies) 308, irrigation, firefighting water storage, fountains,lakes, cleaning uses 307 a landfill 309 and/or for discharge 312.Finally, in an optional embodiment, a water distribution facility 310provides, inter alia, water for all modules, and/or for irrigation,firefighting, fountains, lakes, cleaning 307, e.g. internally to thePlan and/or externally e.g., where non-potable water may be utilized,and/or as a means to preheat or precool water for any process byexposure to ambient temperatures and/or sunlight (e.g., preheating ofcold ocean water before introduction into a BGM). All water flowsdepicted by lines or arrows may be optional and managed. Water optionalmanaged flows (e.g., lines and/or arrows of 300), waterpreheating/cooling 306, 318, pretreatment 304, 318, wateruse/reuse/processing/treatment/distribution 310, heating/cooling 334,water storage 308 and/or use of water in other modules e.g., FIG. 3 maybe accomplished in any manner herein disclosed and/or known to those inthe art. Any water source, flow/communication/connection depicted may betreated in any manner known to those in the art before use in anyprocess/module/unit. The “grid” as referred to herein may take the formof one or more separate, watersource(s)/flow(s)/communication(s)/connection(s) between one or moremodule(s)/unit(s), subunit(s), component(s), technolog(ies), and/orother feature (s) whereby one or more smaller, closed systems existbetween any two or more components depicted in FIG. 3, or any watersource/flow/communication/connection may be combined with other watersource(s) and/or flow(s) at any stage of any process shown. For example:fresh water and salt water flows may be kept separate, in parts of thegrid involving select modules; potable water may be kept separate fromother water types; water of different temperatures may be kept separateand possibly exchange heat using a heat exchanger in order to heat orcool a process or module to a particular temperature, or may combined toreach a certain temperature required for a process; certain water flowsmay be kept separate for certain processes depicted, and later may becombined to reach a certain desired salinity, temperature and/or forother reasons. Modules and specific technology types shown in thefigures may be exemplary and optional, and all modules and/or technologytypes and/or communications with the grid depicted may be present onlyin certain embodiment(s) of the Plan.

A system configured to use and reclaim water used by one or more modulesconfigured for water use wherein such water is provided to and/orreclaimed from:

a) a fresh water source;

b) a fresh water pretreatment module;

c) a salt water intake;

d) a salt water pretreatment module;

e) a preheating/cooling module;

f) a water storage module;

g) irrigation;

h) firefighting;

i) fountains;

j) lakes;

k) cleaning;

l) a BGM;

m) a traditional WWTP module;

n) a refinery module;

o) a BPP module;

p) heating and/or cooling;

q) a recycling module;

r) a waste receiving module;

s) a BBPP module;

t) a desalination module;

u) water for discharge/export;

v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or

w) a thermal plant module.

In reference to FIG. 3 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system300 configured to use and reclaim water used by one or more modulesconfigured for water use wherein such water is provided to and/orreclaimed from: a fresh water source 302; a fresh water pretreatmentmodule 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt water pretreatment module318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a water storage module 308;irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307; lakes 307; cleaning307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; a refinery module 202; aBPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to the Plan 334; a recyclingmodule 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPP module 207; adesalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; a processingand/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module 222.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the water provided to and/orwater reclaimed from: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 is mixed with water from: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 and/or with any other water source at any stage of any processdepicted.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the water is provided toand/or reclaimed from modules: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 using a conduit wherein the water conduit is shared by two or morewater lines wherein the water is salt water, brine water, brackishwater, fresh water, wastewater, grey water, and/or potable water.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the conduit is in operativecommunication with a salt water intake 314, a salt water BGU which iscomprised by the BGM/WWTP module 212, a desalination module 214, a saltwater cooling system(s) which is comprised by the heating/cooling module334 for use in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 2, a discharge/export module 312,and/or another saltwater module for use in the system or Plan, e.g.,FIG. 3.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the conduit has one or moreseparate water lines for salt water, brackish water, and/or brine water.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the conduit is in operativecommunication with a fresh water source 302, a fresh water BGU which iscomprised by the BGM/WWTP module 212, a WWTBGU which is comprised by theBGM/WWTP module 212, a WWTP module 212, a fresh water cooling system(s)for use in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 2, a discharge/export module 312, and/oranother fresh water module for use in the system or Plan, e.g., FIG. 3.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the conduit has one or moreseparate water lines for fresh water, potable water, wastewater, and/orbrackish water.

In reference to FIG. 3 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof using and reclaiming water comprising: transmitting water from amodule to another module; using all or a portion of the water in theanother module for work; and optionally transmitting water unused forthe work from the another module to the module, wherein such water isprovided to and/or reclaimed from: a fresh water source 302; a freshwater pretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the water provided to and/orwater reclaimed from: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 is mixed with water from: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 and/or with any other water source at any stage of any processdepicted.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the water is provided toand/or reclaimed from modules: a fresh water source 302; a fresh waterpretreatment module 304; a salt water intake 314; a salt waterpretreatment module 318; a preheating/cooling module 306, 316; a waterstorage module 308; irrigation 307; firefighting 307; fountains 307;lakes 307; cleaning 307; a BGM 212; a traditional WWTP module 212; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; heating and/or cooling to thePlan 334; a recycling module 206; a waste receiving module 206; a BBPPmodule 207; a desalination module 214; water for discharge/export 312; aprocessing and/or treatment module 310; and/or a thermal plant module222 using a conduit wherein the water conduit is shared by two or morewater lines wherein the water is salt water, brine water, brackishwater, fresh water, wastewater, grey water, and/or potable water.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the conduit is in operativecommunication with a salt water intake 314, a salt water BGU which iscomprised by the BGM/WWTP module 212, a desalination module 214, a saltwater cooling system(s) for use in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 2, adischarge/export module 312, and/or another saltwater module for use inthe system or Plan, e.g., FIG. 3.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the conduit has one or moreseparate water lines for salt water, brackish water, and/or brine water.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the conduit is in operativecommunication with a fresh water source 302, a fresh water BGU which iscomprised by the BGM/WWTP module 212, a WWTBGU which is comprised by theBGM/WWTP module 212, a WWTP module 212, a fresh water cooling system(s)which is comprised by the heating/cooling module 334 for use in thePlan, e.g., FIG. 2, a discharge/export module 312, and/or another freshwater module for use in the system or Plan, e.g., FIG. 3.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the conduit has one or moreseparate water lines for fresh water, potable water, wastewater, and/orbrackish water.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 7A, 7B, and/or FIG. 3, waterthat is the substrate for any of the foregoing processes may be reusedanywhere in the Plan where water is utilized, comprising as source waterfor the BGM, cooling the thermal plant, to dilute brine discharge of theoptional desalination system, and/or for other uses (See FIG. 2). Heatexchangers and/or other known technologies may be used to transfer heatfrom any system in the Plan to another.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transferand/or FIG. 3, and/or other figures and/or description relevant to wateruse and/or movement, cooling water from any source may be used to coolthe thermal plant, and then routed for optional primary treatment (permodule 104 of FIG. 1) and then for direct use as source water in theBGM, mixed with another water source and used as source water in theBGM, or simply used to transfer heat to water used in the BGM and/oranother process. In any of these or other manners disclosed herein,temperature in the BGM may be regulated either directly and/orindirectly by water outflows from the thermal plant in combination withother water sources. Gases and/or other fluid outflows from the thermalplant, likewise may be used alone or in combination with other sourcesof heat to regulate the temperature of the BGM and/or other componentsof the Plan, (e.g., FIGS. 7A, 7B, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, and/or 12E). Ifcooling is needed, any of the aforementioned sources of heat may be usedto cogenerate cooling, which may be supplied to the Plan as in FIG. 2.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 3, 6, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture, and/or transfer, aBGM and/or its components, and/or water transfer, a BGM, a BGU, a BGUsubunit and/or any other BGU component may be fully or partiallyimmersed in a pool, other container, water body and/or stream fed by awater supply, e.g., from onsite and/or offsite, used to provide cooling,or alternatively, to capture waste heat from a thermal plant, and/or tosupply heat, wherein the BGM temperature may be regulated by contactwith heated or cool water supply. Heated and/or cooled air and/or otherfluid e.g., from the thermal plant and/or other modules may be used tofill containers which may be configured to come in contact with orpartially or fully surround the BGM, a BGU, and/or any of its componentsin order to transfer heat and/or cooling. Heat and/or cooling may besupplied 234 by offsite sources 228 optionally comprising a water supplyprovided by offsite water source(s) comprising a fresh water source,302, water intake for salt water 314, and/or other sources of heatand/or cooling in gaseous and/or liquid form originating offsite.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, the water intake(s), shown asfresh water source 302, and/or water intake (salt water) 314, mayprovide a source of cooling for any process in the Plan, wherein waterfrom an intake out to sea, especially a deep-water intake, may besignificantly cooler than ambient temperature on land and may providecooling. In an embodiment, saltwater intake water is used as sourcewater for a SWBGU and/or BWBGU in a hot climate to regulate itstemperature. In an embodiment, the salt water from the intake may beused as source water either alone or combined with other water sourcesto fill pools and/or other structures surrounding any BGU or BGUcomponent in order to provide cooling and/or temperature modulation,particularly in hot environments. After use in this manner and/or inother cooling applications, decorative application, and/or in any othermanner described for heat and/or cooling transfer, comprising possiblyheat transfer from the thermal plant to the Plan, the water may be thenrouted to the DP for desalination and/or other processes where warmerwater is beneficial. In this manner, water and/or cooling are providedwhere needed in the Plan (See FIGS. 2 and 3), and in the process, thesalt water is elevated in temperature, which allows for a lower energyrequirement in the desalination process and/or other processes in thePlan where warmer water is beneficial.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, following hydrothermal processing e.g.,FIG. 1, and/or other processes such as the harvesting of the biomassmaterial from the biomass growth module discharge stream, a subsequentpurifying filter, ultraviolet light, tertiary wastewater treatment(e.g., when wastewater is used in the BGM) and/or other water treatmentmethods known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used tofurther treat the water discharge before use in other applications wherenecessary. Water processed through this system and/or optionalsubsequent refining steps can be made suitable for many uses, e.g. as apotable water stream, a non-potable stream, for discharge to theenvironment, for reuse in the disclosed Plan wherever water is needed(See FIG. 3).

In an embodiment, e.g., with reference to FIG. 3, an unexpected benefitmay be synergies of WWTP(s) and/or WWTBGU(s) with the remainder of thePlan. Wash water and/or spilled water and/or biomass from the optionalwater bottling/biomass products bottling/packaging plant may be sent tothe WWTP/WWTBGU for treatment, reclamation of water, or a substantialportion thereof, for example from 60 to 100% of the wash water and/orspilled water, or from 60 to 90% or from 60 to 80% or from 60 to 70% ofthe water. Wastewater from all other plants in the Plan may be sentdirectly to WWTP/WWTBGU optionally in whole or in part comprising waterused to cool the thermal plant and for heat capture, if acceptable tothe thermal plant cooling system(s), or may undergo treatment, and thenbe sent to thermal plant cooling system(s) and heat capture.

In certain embodiments, e.g., those represented by FIG. 3 and otherembodiments regarding the use of water in the Plan, the presentdisclosure relates to an integrated approach to minimization of CO2emissions, power generation, biofuel production, efficient use of heatand water, as well as production of biomass-derived non-fuel products,and/or treatment of wastewater and/or waste-to-energy in someembodiments. Various embodiments provide for a wide variety of otherwater sources or combinations to be used to provide a medium for biomassand/or biofuel production and/or CO2 abatement, with conservation ofwater and heat energy.

In an embodiment, one or more water sources may be provided for biomassgrowth, wherein the water may be wastewater, salt water, brackish water,purified water, potable water, non-potable water, and/or brine. Theamount of carbon in the water may be from less than 1% to 15% by weight.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 14, a SWBGU may useregular salt water, such as seawater and/or may use the brine discharge(reject high salinity water from the optional desalination plant) togrow biomass. The resultant discharge water from a brine water SWBGU maybe treated the same way as brine discharge described herein, but may belower in nutrient content, lower in some mineral content, biologicalmaterials, and/or other chemicals than seawater, after processingthrough a SWBGU, which may allow for the production of different biomassproducts, salt, and/or other products from the brine than seawater,and/or production of the same products more efficiently (e.g., moreeasily isolated from contaminants).

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 3, a BWBGU may be implemented bythe use of a combination of any fresh and/or saltwater sources,optionally comprising wastewater of any description, salt water, brinewater (e.g., from the optional desalination plant), non-waste freshwater and/or other water sources. It may have the combined synergies ofa system that would normally use the water sources being combined, butthe resulting brackish water discharge may be discharged as in thedesalination plant, used to dilute the brine discharge, and/or may bereused in manners determined to be acceptable for cooling and/or otherpurposes, as in the treated wastewater system, given the resultantsalinity. The resulting discharge, if not useful otherwise, maydischarged to the sea and/or by other salt water disposal methods eitherwith or without dilution.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1 and/or 3, desalinated watermay be produced through various processes known to the art in processingwater through a BGM and/or subsequent BGM outflow fluid processing stepsin the Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, certain salt water bioreactors mayproduce desalinated water, possibly mixed with biofuel by evaporation,and once separated from biofuel as necessary, the water is potable. Inan embodiment, a SWBGU may produce desalinated drinking water either inthe place of desalination technologies or to supplement desalinationtechnologies in the Plan. Brine produced by such a system may be treatedas discussed herein for other desalination technologies.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 3, after desalination, thedesalination plant brine discharge is diluted to about the salinity ofseawater using wastewater, fresh water, salt water and/or other watersource(s). The combined water substrate is then used in the BGM to growbiomass. This embodiment may provide a greater volume of useful waterthan using only wastewater and/or other fresh water in the BGM, whereinthe BGM water discharge is later combined with the brine discharge todilute it for discharge to sea. Working with water in the BGM that has asalinity comparable with ocean salinity allows for the use of biomassgrowth systems that have been developed on the market to operate usingsalt water, and in the case of a brine water combination withwastewater, the mixture may provide a better source of nutrients thanare present in salt water alone, and, result in better biomass growthand production, while also treating wastewater.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 3, a thermal plant wastewater(optionally after heat recovery) may be directed to the WWTP and/orWWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 1 any other wastewatersource(s) in the Plan may be routed to primary treatment (per module 104of FIG. 1) and/or then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24H, the Plan mayuse solar thermal technologies (e.g., solar troughs) for preheatingseawater for desalination, a BGM output for HTP, for power generation,and/or for introduction of heat into the Plan wherever needed (e.g.,FIG. 3). If a solar thermal technology is used, it may share steamturbines with those already in thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 3, demineralized water from anoptional desalination plant may be utilized during firing of light oiland/or other fuels to reduce the combustion temperature and/or thegeneration of NOx emissions from combustion turbines (CTs) and/or otherthermal plant systems. In one or more embodiments, desalinated waterfrom the optional desalination plant may be used for relatively smallvolumes of water needed for CT inlet air cooling, NOx injection water,and/or potable water, and for similar uses in other thermal plant powergeneration systems.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIGS. 1 and/or 3, a portion, e.g.,most, of the wastewater discharged from the thermal plant (after heatuse and/or recovery), may be routed to primary treatment (per module 104of FIG. 1) and then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU. Some thermal plant waterwastes, depending on contamination levels, may be used to dilute thedesalination plant brine discharge without further treatment in order toreduce the environmental impact of the brine. Storm water runoff may besent to a storm water retention pond or first run through an oil/waterseparator if it contains oil, and then sent to a storm water retentionpond. This wastewater may then be routed for primary treatment (permodule 104 of FIG. 1), and then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU. Chemicalcleaning wastewater and/or other chemically treated wastewater may bemaintained onsite and tested and, if non-hazardous, according to aperson of ordinary skill, may be routed to primary treatment (per module104 of FIG. 1) and then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU with the otherwastewaters or directed to an evaporation pond if suitable.

In and embodiments, e.g. FIG. 3, water needed for cellulosic ethanol,butanol, and/or isobutanol processes may be taken from any source(s) inthe Plan, as shown in FIG. 3.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24K, sea salt maybe manufactured from the DP brine discharge and sold off-site. In one ormore embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, DP demineralized water may be suppliedfor use in the thermal plant where needed in any thermal planttechnology or system (e.g., combustion turbines, if used, and/or otherpower systems). In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, DP desalinatedwater (with minerals added back) may be supplied for use as appropriatein the thermal plant (e.g., combustion turbines and/or other powersystems).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A, the DP mayshare an intake with a SWBGU, a saltwater cooling source for the thermalplant (if needed), or any of these modules/uses for salt water may haveseparate intakes. Any of these modules/sources' intakes, if separate, orthe combined intake if combined may share some piping and/or otherequipment with wastewater treatment plant, BGM, and/or brine dischargeoutfall. In one or more embodiments the intake(s) may provide a sourceof cooling for any process in the Plan, wherein water from an intake outto sea, especially a deep-water intake, should be significantly coolerthan ambient temperature on land and can provide cooling. In anembodiment, saltwater intake water is used as source water for a SWBGUand/or BWBGU in a hot climate to regulate its temperature. In anembodiment, the salt water from the intake is used to fill pools and/orother structures surrounding any BGU and/or BGU component in order toprovide cooling and/or temperature modulation, particularly in hotenvironments. After use in this manner and/or in other coolingapplications, decorative application, and/or in any other mannerdescribed for heat and/or cooling transfer, comprising possibly heattransfer from the thermal plant to the Plan, the water may be thenrouted to the DP for desalination. In this manner, water and/or coolingare provided where needed in the Plan (See FIGS. 2 and 3), and in theprocess, the salt water is elevated in temperature, which allows for alower energy requirement in the desalination process.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, water reuse from the BGMand/or WWTP may be used for landscape irrigation, firefighting, waterfeatures, fountains, lakes, industrial cooling (Comprising cooling inthe thermal plant), and/or cleaning processes in the Plan, as opposed tousing DP desalinated water. This may greatly reduce the needed amount ofdesalinated water and consequently the power requirement in the Plan. Itwill require only additional piping. If feasible, salt water, or saltwater mixed with reclaimed wastewater and/or another water source eitherfrom the BGM, WWTP and/or another source may be used for: cooling water,firewater supply, water features, fountains, lakes, and/or other uses toconserve reclaimed BGM and/or WWTP water and/or DP desalinated water inthe Plan. Where usable as cooling water (e.g., in certain technologies),salt water may be used to cool the thermal plant and/or other heatsources directly and/or indirectly (via heat exchange), and may be thenrouted to the DP for desalination. This may save energy in the DP, ashigher temperature water is easier to desalinate. Treatment of any watersupply may be performed either before and/or after its use in thethermal plant and/or any other modules and/or processes in the Plan inaccordance with techniques known to the art.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, HTP discharge water may serve asfeedwater for a

BGU in whole or in part. This water source may contain higher levels ofcarbon and/or other materials left after HTP, not unlike wastewater thatmay require remediation and/or may facilitate biomass growth. In thiscase, the water source may be salt water, fresh water, and/or any otherwater type discussed herein as a possible water source type in a BGUwhich has been processed through HTP. In addition to treatment of thewater by use of the residual carbon and/or possibly other material inthe water, the synergies of the BGU using HTP wastewater may be the sameas the type of source water used for the HTP process.

In and embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, HTP wastewater may be processed in amanner similar to BGM outflow fluid 117. Its higher carbon content mayprovide a concentrated carbon stream which may be mixed with BGM outflowfluid and/or separately processed by taking it through any processingsteps undertaken by the BGM outflow fluid 117.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, as required, for a reverseosmosis desalination process, a Clean In Place (CIP) cycle may be usedto clean a DP membrane (filtration-based processes only). In anembodiment, waste from this process may be disposed of to the WWTPand/or BGM.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, treated wastewater from the WWTP and/orBGM may be used to dilute the DP plant brine discharge to reduce oreliminate environmental impacts. If a deep sea diffuser brine dischargeoutfall is used, up to 5% salinity above the naturally occurringsalinity is generally acceptable. However, with freshwater dilution, thesalinity could be reduced in-pipe to match the naturally occurringsalinity or a salinity that is acceptable, and discharged near theshore, instead of out to sea, eliminating the significant infrastructureexpense associated with a deep sea discharge. The typical salinity ofocean water is between 3% and 5%, and a typical reverse osmosisdesalination plant rejection rate (rate of brine discharge as apercentage of the initial intake volume) is generally about 50%. In anembodiment the following formula may be used to calculate the amount ofdilution necessary to restore the brine discharge to a target salinity:

S _(B) V _(B) +S _(D) V _(D) =S _(T) (V _(B) +V _(D)), where:

S_(B)=Salinity of Brine, V_(B)=Volume of Brine,

S_(D)=Salinity of Diluent, V_(D)=Volume of Diluent, and

S_(T)=Target Salinity.

In one or more embodiments, an example of BGM and/or WWTP dilution maybe utilized as follows: Assuming a WWBGU, FWBGU and/or WWTP is thesource with a salinity of 0.5%, assuming ocean salinity of 4.5%, andassuming a desalination 50% rejection rate, for a near shore discharge,using the formula above, the brine would be diluted with approximately1.125 liters of BGU and/or WWTP discharge water per liter of brinedischarge water to reach background salinity. For a deep sea discharge,the brine would be diluted with approximately 1.012 liters of BGU and/orWWTP discharge water per liter of brine discharge water in order toreach 5% above background salinity, recommended discharge salinity. Thebrine discharge may also be diluted with salt water either from asaltwater BGU and/or a brackish water BGU, and/or another salt watersource, and/or another water source in the Plan. In an embodiment, anywater source(s) in the Plan in combination with or without the BGUand/or WWTP discharge (FIG. 3) may be used in order to meet desalinationplant brine discharge salinity goals. In an embodiment, the watersource(s) used for dilution may be strategically selected and/orcombined such that water most valuable to the Plan and/or community ispreserved as much as possible, and water of lesser value is used fordilution (e.g., treated wastewater, brackish water).

In one or more embodiments, in the case where there are multiplepossible dilution sources, the above formula may be modified as followscalculate the volumes of each diluent water source that may be combinedto achieve a target salinity:

S _(B) V _(B)+(S _(D1) V _(D1) +S _(D2) V _(D2) +S _(D3) V _(D3) . . .)=S _(T)(V _(B) +V _(D1) +V _(D2) +V _(D3) . . . ), where:

The numbers represent different diluent water sources.

As many diluent sources as are available may be added in the same way(denoted by “ . . . ” above). In one or more embodiments, the disclosedPlan provides a novel means and method of planning and/or combiningwater resources strategically by use of this formula and strategicselection of water sources to generate salinity targets as mentionedabove. This process and method may be used to dilute the brine to thesame or similar salinity as naturally occurring salinity for near shoredischarge, or an acceptable salinity for deep sea discharge, or possiblysome salinity between the two for a sea discharge between the twodistances. In an embodiment, if the brine is heated due to processingthrough desalination and/or another reason, after optional heat recoveryto the Plan, if the brine temperature may be impacting on the localenvironment, or regulated by law, dilution strategies may alsoincorporate calculations and diluent source water selections to adjustthe heat of the brine discharge to appropriate levels. As is known tothe person of ordinary skill in the art, mathematical and/or physicalmodeling and/or other studies may be needed to determine actual numbers,based on discharge design, local features and/or other considerations.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, wastewater may be directed toa WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, wastewater from all onsitemodules and/or from offsite sources may be directed to a WWTP and/orWWTBGU.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 3, a water bottling/biomassproducts bottling/packaging plant (BBPP) may be added optionally as partof the Plan. In one or more embodiments, any one or more of thecomponents within the BBPP may be used (e.g., water bottling only,biomass bottling only, and/or other biomass packaging types only.) Waterbottling lines may be used to bottle treated drinking water generatedfrom the DP.

DP Brine Disposal Technologies: Brine Disposal to Sea—Discharge to Seaor another water body: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A aDP brine discharge outfall may share some piping and/or other equipmentwith the WWTP/BGM outfall, and/or may utilize the same piping and/oroutfall. In an embodiment, brine may be discharged to land using zeroliquid discharge. In an embodiment, brine may be discharged undergroundand/or by another means known to the person of ordinary skill in theart.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A, a SWBGU mayshare infrastructure with the optional desalination plant, comprising,for example, the water intake from the sea, pumps, pipes, heat use,water use and/or an outfall. In an embodiment, a SWBGU may use saltwater separately from the desalination plant, it may receive brine assource water from the desalination plant, and/or its output may bedirected to the desalination plant (see description in desalinationsection).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A, the DP mayshare an intake and/or piping throughout the Plan with a SWBGU, asaltwater cooling source for the thermal plant (if needed), or any ofthese modules/uses for salt water may have separate intakes. Any ofthese modules/sources' intakes, if separate, or the combined intake ifcombined may share some piping and/or other equipment with wastewatertreatment plant, BGM, and/or brine discharge outfall. In one or moreembodiments the intake(s) may provide a source of cooling for anyprocess in the Plan, wherein water from an intake out to sea, especiallya deep-water intake, may be significantly cooler than ambienttemperature on land and may provide cooling. In an embodiment, saltwaterintake water may be used as source water for a SWBGU and/or BWBGU in ahot climate to regulate its temperature. In an embodiment, the saltwater from the intake is used to fill pools and/or other structuressurrounding any BGU and/or BGU component in order to provide coolingand/or temperature modulation, particularly in hot environments. Afteruse in this manner and/or in other cooling application(s), decorativeapplication(s), and/or in any other manner described for heat and/orcooling transfer, comprising possibly heat transfer from the thermalplant to the Plan, the water may be then routed to the DP fordesalination. In this manner, water and/or cooling are provided whereneeded in the Plan (See FIGS. 2 and 3), and in the process, the saltwater is elevated in temperature, which allows for a lower energyrequirement in the desalination process.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24B, an HTP module or unit,which may be used as described herein to process biomass, and/or similarmethods, may also be used as a means of converting waste into energy.HTP and/or equivalent technologies to a person of ordinary skill may beused to convert a wide variety of organic materials to produce biocrude.An HTP module, unit or equivalent processing system(s) set up forbiomass may be shared with those being used to process solid waste. HTLmay be conducted in accordance with the PNNL process patent WO2013/184317A1 as shown in FIG. 9. Other variations of HTP or similarprocesses suited to the purpose may also be used.

With Reference to FIG. 1, The disclosure incorporates the use ofdifferent facility types, some of which may be typically unrelated, notin operative communication with each other, and/or not collocated, suchas a thermal plant, a biomass growth module, a refinery, a downstreamprocessing facility (BPP), products packaging facility (BBPP), andprocesses to generate electricity, fuels, products, and to productivelyreclaim and reuse waste heat, water, carbon dioxide, air and othergases, pressure, waste biomass, solvents and other materials. Additionaloptional technologies may be added to the design in FIG. 1 to createadditional outputs, efficiencies and/or synergies. These technologiesmay be discussed herein.

In an embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 4, the present disclosuremay be directed to a novel method and design for the production of fueland/or other products, reduction of CO₂ and other emissions, andinnovative methods of conservation of water and energy in performingthese vital processes. The method and Plan may be adapted to thegeography, available resources, and needs of a particular location.

In an embodiment 400, the Plan and method relate to the minimization ofCO₂ emitted by a major CO₂ emission source or sources represented inFIG. 4 as the thermal plant 222, e.g., a hydrocarbon-burning thermalpower plant, waste-to-energy plant and/or other thermal planttechnology(ies) generating CO₂ comprising optionally industrial plantssuch as cement factories, and/or other CO₂ emitters not comprised by thethermal plant optionally e.g., in the Plan, such as the Refinery and/orBPP 202, sludge processing module 404 which may be optionally conductedin primary treatment module 104 in FIG. 1, desalination module 214,optional landfill 309, WWTP 402, and/or other optional CO₂ sources andshown in FIG. 4. In an embodiment, the percentage of carbon removed fromthe waste stream of the thermal plant and/or other CO₂ emitters andoptionally incorporated as biomass growth into the aqueous effluent(s)or discharge(s) of the biomass growth module and/or used in otherprocesses which require carbon dioxide e.g., FIG. 4 may be approximatelyfrom about 30% to about 80% of the waste stream carbon, or from about50% to about 100%, or from about 75% to about 100% or from about 80% toabout 100% or from about 80% to about 95%.

In an embodiment, a thermal plant 222 and biomass growth module 402and/or other optional CO₂ producers and/or users may be preferablylocated at a common locus, e.g., in close proximity, and may be arrangedfor convenient transfer of the CO₂ to the biomass growth module 402. CO₂may be captured from a thermal plant 222 by pre-combustion capture,post-combustion, oxy-fuel process combustion capture and or any othermeans known to the person of skill in the art. Carbon dioxide may alsobe generated by the following optional systems: a WWTP 402A, WWTP sludgeprocessing 404, biomass, certain types of BGUs, biomass refining,cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol, WWTP sludge, other organicsource, anaerobic digestion 204B, an optional landfill 309, otherprocesses (e.g., FIG. 4) and/or offsite sources. Carbon dioxide and/orthe accompanying gases from any source optionally may be purified and/orotherwise processed by any means known to those of ordinary skill in theart before and/or after any process in FIG. 4. In some embodiments,e.g., those of FIG. 4, the carbon dioxide may be directly or indirectlytransferred e.g., piped, to: a biomass growth module, and/or to abiomass growth module, to the biofuel refining/separation plant for usein biomass refining and/or separations techniques, comprisingsupercritical fluids extraction 204C, and/or sent to the waterbottling/biomass packaging plant 206 for use in carbonation of liquids,and/or other uses, and/or stored either as a gas, compressed gas, liquidand/or solid (dry ice), and/or may be marketed offsite. Carbon dioxidemay be captured using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and/or any othertechnique known to the art where beneficial, comprising optionally inthe purification/processing module of FIG. 4. Using such differentsources and/or destinations for CO₂ together in one site allows moresynergies between different systems. Carbon dioxide may be distributedamong these systems using such technologies as blowers, piping,spargers, and/or any other technologies known to the person of skill inthe art which may be suited to the purpose.

With reference to Table 3, a system configured to use and reclaim carbondioxide wherein the carbon dioxide is provided by:

a) a thermal plant module;

b) a sludge processing module;

c) a traditional WWTP module;

d) a carbon dioxide storage module;

e) an ambient carbon dioxide source(s);

f) a purification module;

g) a refinery module;

h) a BPP module;

i) a supercritical fluids extraction module;

j) a gasification module;

k) a BGM;

l) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module;

m) a landfill module; and/or

n) a source outside the system (offsite).

Thus, a combination recited in Table 3 may provide an embodiment of thesystem so described.

Thus, with respect to design 400, in an embodiment, for example,refinery and/or BPP 202 optionally comprise module 204, which maycomprise any of the following: HTP 204A, anaerobic digester 204B, asupercritical fluid extraction unit 204C, Cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol 204D, and/or other processes of biomassand/or biofuel processing known to those of skill in the art 204E. Thefollowing modules and/or technologies optionally present may generatecarbon dioxide, and/or may release it after performing functions forreuse in the grid: Thermal Plant 222, WWTP 402A, WWTP sludge processing404, certain types of BGUs comprised by the WWTP/BGM module 402, therefinery and/or BPP 202 (e.g., optional technologies such as cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol 204D, anaerobic digestion 204B, supercriticalfluids extraction 204C and/or other technologies 204E), a gasificationmodule 125, an optional landfill 309, carbon dioxide storage 406,ambient carbon dioxide 414 and/or offsite sources 412. Any or all ofthese sources may be optionally in fluid communication with carbondioxide-using modules and/or certain technologies optionally presentwithin modules e.g., in the Plan, comprising: the refinery and/or BPP202, Desalination unit 214, WWTP/BGM 402, BBPP 206, carbon dioxidestorage 406. WWTP/BGM 402 comprises optionally a WWTP 402A and/orwastewater treatment BGU 402B, and/or a freshwater BGU 402C, and/or asaltwater BGU (optionally comprising brine water) 402D and/or a brackishwater BGU 402E. Any flow of carbon dioxide (which may be optionallycombined with other gases, particulates, and/or other matter in anyprocess depicted) may be purified and/or otherwise processed at anystage of any process depicted in FIG. 4 as shown in module 408. In anembodiment any portion of the flows of carbon dioxide, after optionalpurification/processing 408, may be released either back to the gridand/or into the environment 410. Oxygen from photosynthetic embodimentsof any BGU may be transferred to a WWTP and/or a non-photosynthetic BGU.Within the WWTP/BGM 402. In an embodiment, carbon dioxide generated bythermal plant 222 and/or any other module(s) may be transferred to anymodule(s) as needed within grid 400. For example in an embodiment,carbon dioxide may be transferred to on-grid storage facility 406, withor without purification/processing at module 408 and then sent to acarbon dioxide discharge and/or export facility 410. Sludge processingunit 404 may supply carbon dioxide to the grid. BBPP (Water bottlingunit) 206 may use the carbon dioxide to prepare pressurized sparklingwater for drinking. Photosynthetic and/or mixotrophic BGUs of any watertype listed (402B, 402, 402D, and/or 402E), or other water types may usecarbon dioxide from any source(s) shown to grow biomass. In anembodiment, where a WWTP 402A may be used concurrently with a BGM 402B,carbon dioxide from the WWTP 402A may be transferred to any one or moreBGUs 402B, 402C, 402D, 402E to facilitate biomass growth, and/or oxygenfrom any one or more BGUs 402B, 402C, 402D, 402E may be transferred tothe WWTP 402A to facilitate the bacterial breakdown of waste. Otherbiomass processes whereby biomass may metabolize or ferment carbondioxide and/or other gases, such as hydrogen, nitrous oxide, carbonmonoxide, and/or other gases, and change them into other chemicalstructures may be used as a BGU. These systems may also receive carbondioxide as a BGU.

With reference to FIG. 4, carbon dioxide flows depicted by lines orarrows may be optional and managed. Carbon dioxide optional managedflows (e.g., lines and/or arrows of 300), carbon dioxide storage 406 andgeneration, collection, transportation, treatment and/or management ofcarbon dioxide in modules and/or flows of FIG. 4 may be accomplished inany manner herein disclosed and/or known to the person of skill in theart. The “grid” as described in connection with FIG. 4 may notnecessarily mean one large interconnected system. It may comprise anycombination of individual systems of communication of carbon dioxidebetween any two or more modules. Thus a grid may comprise any one ormore separate, distinct systems to transfer carbon dioxide between asubset of modules depicted in FIG. 4. These systems may combine orpartially combine flows of carbon dioxide at any point in any processdepicted.

In an embodiment, water, an aqueous solution, steam, air and/or othergases may be used for the capture and/or distribution of heat, pressureand/or other energy from the thermal plant 222 to the biomass growthmodule 402 and/or other facilities to assist refining, processing andreturn of biomass and/or biofuels from the BGM 402 as fuel to thethermal plant 222, for the production of other products, and/or forother processes e.g., as described herein.

In reference to FIG. 4 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system400 configured to use and reclaim carbon dioxide wherein the carbondioxide is provided by: a thermal plant module 222; a sludge processingmodule 404; a traditional WWTP module 402A; a carbon dioxide storagemodule 406; an ambient carbon dioxide source(s) 414; a purificationmodule 408; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; a supercriticalfluids extraction module 204C; a gasification module 125; a BGM 402; acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 204D; a landfill module309; and/or offsite sources 412. An embodiment includes the systemwherein carbon dioxide from: a thermal plant module 222; a sludgeprocessing module 404; a traditional WWTP module 402A; a carbon dioxidestorage module 406; an ambient carbon dioxide source(s) 414; apurification module 408; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; asupercritical fluids extraction module 204C; a gasification module 125;a BGM 402; a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 204D; alandfill module 309; and/or offsite source(s) 412 is optionally providedto: a BGM 402; a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; apurification/processing module 408; a carbon dioxide storage module 406;a BBPP module 206; a desalination module 214; and/or a discharge and/orexport module 410. An embodiment includes the system wherein oxygengenerated in the BGM 402 is directed to the traditional WWTP module402A.

In reference to FIG. 4 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof using and reclaiming carbon dioxide comprising generating carbondioxide at a thermal plant module 222; a sludge processing module 404; atraditional WWTP module 402A; a carbon dioxide storage module 406; anambient carbon dioxide source(s) 414; a purification module 408; arefinery module 202; a BPP module 202; a supercritical fluids extractionmodule 204C; a gasification module 125; a BGM 402; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 204D; a landfill module 309; and/oroffsite sources 412, using the carbon dioxide in the generating module,and reclaiming any unused carbon dioxide for further use or discharge,wherein the carbon dioxide is generated or provided by: a thermal plantmodule 222; a sludge processing module 404; a traditional WWTP module402A; a carbon dioxide storage module 406; an ambient carbon dioxidesource(s) 414; a purification module 408; a refinery module 202; a BPPmodule 202; a supercritical fluids extraction module 204C; agasification module 125; a BGM 402; a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 204D; a landfill module 309; and/oroffsite sources 412. An embodiment includes the method wherein carbondioxide from: a thermal plant module 222; a sludge processing module404; a traditional WWTP module 402A; a carbon dioxide storage module406; an ambient carbon dioxide source(s) 414; a purification module 408;a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; a supercritical fluidsextraction module 204C; a gasification module 125; a BGM 402; acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 204D; a landfill module309; and/or offsite source(s) 412 is optionally provided to: a BGM 402;a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202; a purification/processingmodule 408; a carbon dioxide storage module 406; a BBPP module 206; adesalination module 214; and/or a discharge and/or export module 410. Anembodiment includes the method comprising directing oxygen generated inthe BGM 402 to the traditional WWTP module 402A.

In some embodiments, e.g., those of FIG. 4, the carbon dioxide may bedirectly or indirectly transferred e.g., piped, to: a biomass growthmodule, and/or to a biomass growth module, to the biofuelrefining/separation plant for use in biomass refining and/or separationstechniques, comprising supercritical fluids extraction, and/or sent tothe water bottling/biomass packaging plant for use in carbonation ofliquids, and/or other uses, and/or stored either as a gas, compressedgas, liquid and/or solid (dry ice), and/or may be marketed offsite.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 4 and/or FIG. 2 or otherdescription related to heat generation and/or transfer, the Plan canmitigate a carbon dioxide release (e.g., of a conventional fuel-burningthermal plant) and/or use the CO2 to generate additional power from anysource with the BGM. This presents a very attractive synergy withoffsite carbon dioxide producers. In an embodiment, e.g., a local(possibly offsite) thermal plant (e.g., a coal-burning power plant orindustrial plant) sends exhaust gases (e.g., stack gases), optionallypretreated to the BGM, which may provide power with substantiallycomplete carbon capture (e.g., zero or low carbon emissions), mitigationof other emissions, such as SOx, NOx, particulates, and/or metals, andBGM generation of biofuel from the emissions for additional power and/orfor export. In one or more embodiments, examples of additional and/oralternate sources of power generation which may be used as thermal planttechnologies in the Plan, as offsite thermal plants, and/or asadditional non-thermal power sources comprise plants using coal,petroleum fuels, nuclear, solid fuels (such as petroleum coke, biomassand/or others), wind, solar thermal and/or photovoltaic, geothermal,hydroelectric, micro-hydro generation, combined heat and power, and/orother systems suited to the purpose. These additional systems may beconnected to the Plan to provide any combination of the followingbenefits, and/or other benefits, as identified herein for thermal plantsand on a project-by-project basis may comprise: augmentation of powerproduction; carbon dioxide and/or other emissions mitigation of exhaustfrom these plants in the BGM; provision of cooling water source from theWWTBGU and/or WWTP; capture of heat for use in HTP, desalination,heating the BGM, BGU(s), and/or their components, and/or for other usesof heat onsite as shown in FIG. 2; and/or for reduction of reserve plantmargins.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 4, carbon dioxide may be releasedin the cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol production phase and/or aspart of the thermal plant activities combusting the resultant fuels.Thus, carbon dioxide may be captured and/or used in other aspects of thePlan. This and other optional sources and uses of carbon dioxide in thePlan are given in FIG. 4, and discussed herein.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 4 and/or other figures and/ordescription relating to flows of other gases, heat, cooling, water,fuels, and/or materials of any kind, sensors and/or flow controls of anydescription may be used to control these carbon dioxide flows and/or anyother flows in the Plan. These flows may be stored in whole or in partbefore use as described (e.g., these flows may be stored overnight, anddirected to a photosynthetic BGM.

In a non-limiting set of embodiments 500, with respect to FIG. 5, abiomass growth module (BGM) may contain one or more biomass growth units(BGUs). The BGUs may be used separately, or in combination with eachother, possibly sharing and/or exchanging resources and/or flows, toform the BGM. For example, in a first embodiment of this aspect, fluidintake 501, single BGU 502 and fluid outflow 503 may be a firstcombination. In a second embodiment, fluid intake 505 to first BGU 504,outflow/inflow 507, second BGU 506 and outflow 509, in series, may be asecond combination. In a third embodiment, a system may comprise n BGU'sin parallel, wherein n may be from 2 to 30, or 2 to 10 or 2 to 5. Forexample fluid intake 511, first BGU 508, and outflow 513 may be in afirst series. Parallel to the first series, fluid intake 515, second BGU510, and outflow 517 may be in a second series. In a fourth embodiment,two parallel BGU's may be connected in fluid communication, e.g., tomanage inflows and outflows and/or to provide other benefits to eitherBGU, such as sharing of certain components, controlled mixing ofdifferent water types at certain stages, sharing of certaininfrastructure, and/or for other purposes. Such benefits may apply toall BGU configurations where there may be fluid communication. Fluidintake 519, first BGU 512, and outflow 521 form a first series. Fluidintake 523, second BGU 516, and outflow 525 form a second series.Bridging element 514 allows movement of fluid between BGU's 512 and 516.In a fifth embodiment, inflow 527 provides fluid to first BGU 518.Outflow 520 provides fluid to second BGU 522, which also optionallyreceives fluid inflow 529. Outflow 531 may be the single outflow fromboth BGU's therefore. In a sixth embodiment, an exemplary networkedconfiguration may be provided. Intake 533 provides fluid to first BGU524. First BGU provides fluid outflows 535, 535A, and to second andthird BGU's 526 and 528 respectively. Third BGU 528 provides fluidoutflow 539 to second BGU 526 and fluid outflow 541 to fourth BGU 530.Second and fourth BGU's 526 and 530 exchange fluids via bridging element527. Second BGU discharges via an outflow 537. Fourth BGU discharges viaoutflow 543. The configurations depicted may be exemplary of possibleconfigurations of different BGUs within a BGM. A BGM may comprise anyconfiguration and/or networking of BGUs and the inputs and/or outputs ofany BGU subunits or other components beneficial to the intended purposeof growing, supporting, separating, and/or preliminarily processingbiomass.

In reference to FIG. 5, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 500 configured for biomass growth comprising a biomass growthmodule (BGM) wherein the BGM comprises one or more biomass growth unitsselected from the following configurations: single 502; dual serial 504,506; dual parallel 508, 510; dual parallel connected 512, 514, 516;serial simple networked 518, 520, 522; and/or complex networked 524,526, 528, 530. An embodiment includes the system wherein any one or moreof the BGUs is: an autotrophic BGU; a heterotrophic BGU; and/or amixotrophic BGU. An embodiment includes the system wherein any of theBGUs may share and/or exchange inputs and/or outputs optionallycomprising: carbon dioxide; oxygen; water; nutrients; biomass; growthmedium; solvent; carbon source; nitrogen or other gases; and/or lightsource(s) 501, 503, 505, 507, 509, 511, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523,525, 520, 527, 529, 531, 533, 535, 537, 535A, 539, 527, 541, 543.

In reference to FIG. 5, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod for growing biomass comprising networking a set of biomass growthunits in a biomass growth module (BGM) wherein the set comprises abiomass growth unit which is: a single biomass growth unit 502; a dualserial biomass growth unit 504, 506; a dual parallel biomass growth unit508, 510; a dual parallel connected biomass growth unit 512, 514, 516; aserial simple networked biomass growth unit 518, 520, 522; and/or acomplex networked biomass growth unit 524, 526, 528, 530. An embodimentincludes the method wherein any one or more of the BGUs is operating:autotrophically; heterotrophically; and/or mixotrophically. Anembodiment includes the method wherein any of the BGUs is sharing and/orexchanging inputs and/or outputs optionally comprising: carbon dioxide;oxygen; water; nutrients; biomass; growth medium; solvent; carbonsource; nitrogen or other gases; and/or light source(s) 501, 503, 505,507, 509, 511, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523, 525, 520, 527, 529, 531,533, 535, 537, 535A, 539, 527, 541, 543.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 5, a biomass growth module maycomprise several biomass growth units in any configuration, comprisingany number of the same and/or different BGUs used and/or connected inparallel with fully separate components, any number of BGUs used and/orconnected in series, any number of BGUs connected at any stage of theirprocesses, and/or BGUs sharing different components and/or equipment,such as a nutrient source, stressing unit, filtration unit, milkingunit, holding tank, piping, heat transfer equipment, carbon dioxidesource, extraction unit, and/or any other component, resource, and/orbyproduct of the Plan, such as carbon dioxide, heat, water, oxygen,growth medium, carbon source, solvent, and/or other light organicmaterial, (e.g., volatile organic compounds, such as a C1-C10hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether, ester, acid and the like, wherein thevolatile compound is combustible), and/or biomass. (See some exampleconfigurations in FIG. 5).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 5 and/or 6, different BGUscomprised by the BGM operate autotrophically, heterotrophically, and/ormixotrophically during the same time of day (e.g., an autotrophic BGUexposed to the sun and a heterotrophic BGU in a closed reactor), and/orat different times of the day, and/or may exchange carbon dioxide and/oroxygen and/or other resources in regulated flows.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 6, BGUs comprised by the BGMwhich may be used in one or more embodiments comprise open ponds, closedponds, channels, high rate ponds, waste stabilization ponds, other pondsof any description and/or other water bodies and/or portions thereof,whether covered and/or open to the environment, and other open and/orclosed systems of any kind adapted for biomass growth. BGUs may comprisenutrient streams, water streams, external and/or internal lighting,water jets, paddle wheels and/or other liquid movement and/or agitationtechnologies, gas delivery technologies for the delivery of CO2 and/orother gases, and/or any of the wide variety of technologies employed toenhance biomass growth and/or processing.

In one or more embodiments related to biomass growth methods and systemsand/or plans therefor, e.g., FIG. 6, the biomass growth module, certainBGUs comprising it, and/or certain components comprising a BGU may beinstalled in contact with the ground, partially and/or fullyunderground, in contact with water, or partially or fully submerged inwater as is most beneficial to the location with consideration oftemperature stability and/or optimization. For example, inArtic/Antarctic cold climates, the biomass growth module or any of itscomponents may be preferably fully or partially underground, and/or in acontainer (e.g., a bioreactor) filled with water, air and/or otherfluid. Either the ground, the water, the surrounding air, and/or anyother material in contact with, and/or flowing into the BGU (e.g.,source water) may be heated by the thermal plant (e.g., using waste heatand/or primary process heat as described herein) to maintain abeneficial temperature for biomass growth. In an embodiment, dischargesfrom the BGM, piping, and/or other components in the Plan, likewise maybe installed partially or wholly underground. The ground which contactsthe BGM, BGM component(s) and/or other components in the Plan may beheated and/or cooled using heat and/or cogenerated cooling from thethermal plant and/or heat from other sources in the Plan and/or othersources (e.g., geothermal heat, if locally available, and/or othersources). In an embodiment, the BGM and/or any of its components may bedesigned to float on the top of water, where the water helps to regulatethe temperature, and/or the movement of water in contact with the BGMcomponent (e.g., waves or currents) may be utilized in mixing thebiomass and/or other elements contained in the BGM. In an embodiment, ifthe BGM is in contact with or partially or fully submerged in water, awater tank, pool, and/or other water structure may be used to containthe water, heat and/or cooling generated by the thermal plant, itsoutput and/or other heat source(s) in the Plan (e.g. FIG. 2) may be usedto regulate the temperature in the water structure in order to maintainoptimal temperature in the biomass growth module or any of itscomponent(s). In an embodiment, the biomass growth module mayalternatively or additionally comprise devices and/or structures tocontain and/or control the flow of air around the biomass growth moduleor any of its components and to the heat and/or cool the air in order toregulate the biomass growth module or its components' temperature usingair, other gas, and/or vapor. Heated air, other gas and/or vapor and/orcogenerated cooling air may be generated from the thermal plant and/orother sources in the Plan, and/or other sources may be used for thispurpose (e.g., waste heat and/or cooling in air may be directed to agreenhouse and/or other structure containing the BGM). In an embodiment,heat exchangers, repositioning, restructuring, covers, evaporativetechniques and/or any other means and/or structure suitable totransferring heat to and/or from the biomass growth module or any of itscomponents, conserving heat and/or releasing or otherwise mitigatingexcess heat may be used to regulate the BGM or any of its components'temperature, preferably using electricity, heat and/or cooling generatedby the thermal plant and/or other sources in the Plan where feasible inthe implementation and/or operation of these techniques.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 6, a WWTBGU may be used alongsidea WWTP, whereby it may be used to mitigate the CO2 from the WWTP, and/orprovide O2 to the WWTP to achieve near zero carbon dioxide release inwastewater treatment. The oxygen generated by a WWTBGU and/or other BGUmay also be captured, exported and marketed, injected into thermal plantcombustion processes for reduction of NOx emissions and/or for otheruses as in FIG. 25.

With reference to FIG. 6, unlike past technologies which rely on onevery particular biomass cultivation system, such as an array of tubes ora strictly photosynthetic algae pond system, or separating the biomasswith only one method, such as screening of algae, or processing ofbiomass with only one method, such as chemical extraction of oils, orother particular approaches to the growth and/or processing of biomass,the present disclosure embodies a wide array of different technologies,options and/or configurations in order to enable a flexible biomassgrowth and/or processing platform capable of adapting from one site toanother based on any given constraints of a particular site.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, oxygen from daylight photosynthesis inthe BGM is stored and directed back into the BGM at night for aheterotrophic and/or mixotrophic growth process(es). Likewise carbondioxide generated in heterotrophic growth processes may be stored atnight, and directed back to the BGM during the day for autotrophicbiomass growth process(es).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, in an embodiment, a supplementalnutrient supply line(s) 620 may optionally deliver a controlled amountof nutrients (such as nitrogen or phosphorus) from nutrient supplycontrolled by a motive device such as a variable speed pump, whichreceives an input signal from a water and/or biomass measurement and/orother parameter measurement device such that a control signal is sent tothe motive device to regulate the inflow of nutrients into the BGM orany component thereof. The measurement device may be set to measurewater content of essential nutrients in the system, biomass density, pH,temperature and/or any number of other factors. All systems in the Planmay have sensors and/or automated and/or manual valves and/or other flowrate controls to dispense materials, apply heat and/or cooling, add orreduce carbon dioxide and/or other gases, add or reduce additional waterof any type, and/or to meet any other needs of all systems in the BGM.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 6, the biomass growth module maycomprise adequate structures, and/or control modules, hardware and/orsoftware, such as valves to inject or release gases, liquids, and/orsolids as necessary to maintain optimal biomass growth. Sensors may beused to detect any condition in the BGM and/or any of its components,atmosphere, and/or surrounding systems, to send a signal to a controlsystem, which may then trigger an automatic response to make anadjustment to BGM and/or the supporting systems. For example, a sensormay monitor BGM component temperature, and trigger an automated responseto release additional heated water into a pool, heating a BGM componentto optimize its temperature. This automated system may be controlled bycomputer. The computer software may employ intelligent adaptivecontrols.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 6, Oxygen and/or other gasesreleased from a BGU may be collected and/or stored and/or rerouted foruse in heterotrophic biomass growth processes, in other processesbeneficial to the Plan, and/or may be marketed. In an embodiment, oxygencollected from a BGU may be injected in whole and/or in part intothermal plant combustion processes to reduce NOx emissions.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6 the BGM may comprise not only onetechnology design, but possibly an array of different BGUs which use anarray of bioreactors, tanks, ponds, with any necessary supportingsubunits as in FIG. 6, other designs suited to the purpose and/or anycombination of technologies designed to grow and/or process biomass.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 6 or other figures and/ordescription regarding BGUs, either a conventional bacteria-basedwastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and/or one or more WWTBGUs, may belocated proximate to where wastewater treatment is implemented in anyembodiment. In this sense, the WWTP, and/or the WWTBGU a locus ofwastewater treatment are collocated. These systems may also be operablyconnected to share infrastructure in common, and/or may exchange gases(e.g., a photosynthetic WWTBGU may supply oxygen to a WWTP, and/or aWWTP may supply CO2 to a photosynthetic WWTBGU, as described herein,e.g., FIGS. 4 and 25). One of these WWTPs or BGUs may be built first,followed later by the other, wherein the original system may continue tooperate, or may be later partially or fully converted to the othersystem type for treating wastewater (e.g., a WWTP may be built first,and a WWTBGU may be added later to operate concurrently or to replace aWWTP in whole or in part). Consequently, the Plan may have eithersystem, or both. Synergies exist between the two systems whencollocated, and also in the case where a WWTP exists first, and it isthen converted to a WWTBGU, as described below.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6 and/or any figure or description relevantto a WWTBGU, a WWTBGU may effectively perform minimally what is commonlyreferred to in the wastewater treatment industry as “secondarytreatment” of wastewater to a degree that is superior to that of atraditional WWTP. Primary and possibly tertiary treatment may be neededto complete the process to typical municipal wastewater treatmentstandards. If a standard WWTP is in operation, and is later adapted intoa WWTBGU as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, and/orin accordance with description and/or embodiments in this disclosure, orif operating alongside the WWTBGU, the primary and/or tertiary treatmentinfrastructure initially developed for the WWTP may also be adapted foruse in the WWTBGU or shared with the WWTBGU, and/or if a WWTP is adaptedto a WWTBGU, possibly parts or all of the secondary treatmentinfrastructure may be adapted for use in the WWTBGU. If only a WWTBGU isbuilt, and some aspects of primary and/or tertiary treatment are notneeded, those steps may be eliminated, reducing infrastructure and/oroperation and maintenance costs.

Biomass Growth Units Combined to Meet Different Project Goals: In one ormore embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 6, 11, and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to integration of Plan components with BGUs,all BGUs described herein may be implemented in different combinations,in multiples, in connection and/or communication (e.g., FIG. 5,connected systems depicted), and/or different orders of priority toachieve particular project goals. For example, in order to mitigate allcarbon dioxide and to treat all wastewater available to the Plan, in anembodiment, a WWTBGU may be built first to treat all of the wastewateravailable, and a SWBGU may be designed and implemented to mitigate anyremaining CO2 in the event a WWTBGU's use of CO2 is maximized given thewastewater supply, and additional CO2 from the thermal plant stillremains to be used. In this embodiment, the SWBGU may be scaledaccording to the remaining CO2 supply to achieve zero net carbon dioxideproduction onsite. Any other BGU type(s) may also be used instead of theWWTBGU or SWBGU in this example if considered more advantageous. Forexample, a FWBGU may be used instead of a WWTBGU where wastewatertreatment is not feasible or desirable as a component of a particularproject.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 3, 6, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture, and/or transfer, aBGM and/or its components, and/or water transfer, a BGM, a BGU, a BGUsubunit and/or any other BGU component may be fully or partiallyimmersed in a pool, other container, water body and/or stream fed by awater supply used to capture waste heat from a thermal plant, whereinthe BGM temperature is regulated by contact with heated water supply.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, carbon dioxide generated in heterotrophicgrowth processes may be stored at night, and directed back to the BGMduring the day for autotrophic biomass growth process(es). In anembodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, and/or other figures and/or descriptionrelating to transfer of gases, any gases that may be generated in anyprocess or stage likewise may be stored and reused at any otherprocess/stage of biomass growth as is beneficial (See FIG. 6) and/orelsewhere in the Plan. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, a biomass growthmodule and/or BGUs it comprises may operate heterotrophicallyexclusively, and an organic (biologically based) carbon and an oxygenstream may be added to facilitate growth. In one or more embodiments,e.g., FIGS. 5 and/or 6, different BGUs comprised by the BGM operateautotrophically, heterotrophically, and/or mixotrophically during thesame time of day (e.g., an autotrophic BGU exposed to the sun and aheterotrophic BGU in a closed reactor), and/or at different times of theday, and may exchange carbon dioxide and/or oxygen and/or otherresources in regulated flows.

With reference to FIG. 6, in an embodiment 600, a biomass growth modulecomprises a BGU with a growing subunit which optionally receives theexhaust gases, and/or the treated exhaust gases and/or liquids from apollution entrainment module of an exhaust gas recovery module (e.g.,FIG. 7, 707, 709, 713, 724, 726, 718) and/or other treatmenttechnolog(ies) 636, wherein they may be combined with a water source630, optional nutrient stream and/or other elements to promote growth634 and/or 636 for the particular biomass species being cultivated. Abiomass “seed” source, may be added to start and/or support or enablebiomass growth. In photosynthetic or mixotrophic embodiments, carbondioxide and/or other gases, e.g., harmful gases, may be used to producebiomass, and oxygen may be released. The oxygen may be stored and/ortransferred; the oxygen may be used in other processes e.g., in thePlan; and/or marketed e.g., FIG. 25. In non-photosynthetic or mixedembodiments (e.g., heterotrophic and mixotrophic), oxygen may be used,and carbon dioxide may be released. The carbon dioxide from theseprocesses may be captured and/or marketed, and/or used as otherwiseindicated e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 4).

With reference to FIG. 6, unlike past technologies which rely on onevery particular biomass cultivation system, such as an array of tubes,or a strictly photosynthetic algae pond system, or separating thebiomass with only one method, such as screening of algae, or processingof biomass with only one method, such as chemical extraction of oils, orother particular approaches to the growth and/or processing of biomass,the present disclosure embodies a wide array of different technologies,options and/or configurations in order to enable a flexible biomassgrowth and/or processing platform capable of adapting from one site toanother based on any given constraints of a particular site.

With reference to FIG. 6, the growing subunit 602 combined with anysubset of the submodules within FIG. 6 may form a viable BGU designwhich may replace in whole or in part the BGM's of FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG.4, and/or FIG. 5, e.g., BGM 110, and/or 212 and/or WWTP/BGM 402.

The biomass growth unit(s) within a biomass growth module may comprise a“growing subunit” 602 which may use one or more bioreactor(s), pond(s),and/or any other system known to those of skill in the art designed forgrowth of biomass. For example, one or more flat panel photobioreactorsmay be employed. CO₂ 632 may be used in certain growing subunits fromthe exhaust of the thermal plant 222, either by use of the thermal plantexhaust gases directly, and/or after passing through a pollutionentrainment module e.g., FIGS. 7A and 7B, and/or other processingtechnology adapted for the purpose. Liquids carrying entrainedpollutants from an exhaust gas stream may be also provided to thegrowing subunit, for example those entrained using a pollution controlmodule 705 or pollution entrainment module e.g., FIGS. 7A and 7B, 713,726 and/or other technologies suited to the purpose. A medium, forexample fresh medium 604A, in FIG. 6 may be a liquid designed to supportthe growth and reproduction of biomass. After use by the biomass, theexcess and/or old medium 624 can be optionally filtered (e.g., by across-flow filtration and/or other filtration methods know to those ofskill in the art) 606 and/or optionally stored 604 for later use. Theoptional nutrient storage subunit 604 stores fresh medium 604A and maybe configured to automatically analyze and recharge old medium 624and/or 622 to provide a medium suitable for biomass growth. The optionalcross-flow filtration subunit 606 takes excess and/or old medium 624 andfilters out impurities to provide a medium suitable for biomass growth.The optional nighttime holding subunit 616 functions as a storage vesselfor biomass culture during the night. The optional stressing subunit 612takes biomass and subjects it to stressing (for example high intensitylight, blue light, temperature fluctuations, nitrogenstarvation/depletion, salt content and/or other methods known to thoseof skill in the art) in order to produce a desired product. The optionalstressing and milking subunit 608 takes biomass and subjects it tostressing in addition to milking which uses solvents 642 and/or othermeans known to those in the art to continually extract desired productsfrom the biomass usually without destruction of the cells. Separationtechnologies, such as vapor compression steam stripping 614 (see FIG.21) may be used to separate and purify biofuel 615 which some biomassexcrete while growing.

In an embodiment showing some possible process paths for many differentgrowth methods, growing subunit 602 grows biomass selected from amongautotrophic, heterotrophic, and/or mixotrophic biomass varieties. Thegrowing subunit optionally receives fresh medium 604A from nutrientstorage subunit 604. Nutrient storage subunit 604 receives inputs offresh nutrients 620 and water from any source 630 (e.g., see FIG. 3).After processing, excess and/or old medium 624 may be optionallyreturned to a cross-flow filtration subunit 606 and filtered old medium622 may be returned to nutrient storage subunit 604. Growing subunit 602may also receive inputs of daytime biomass culture 628 from optionalnighttime holding subunit 616, biomass and water from optional stressingsubunit 612, biomass and water 625 from optional stressing and milkingsubunit 608, water from any source 630 (e.g., see FIG. 3), carbondioxide (CO₂), oxygen, and/or other feed gases 632, carbon source 636(e.g., glucose, acetic acid, glycerol, and/or other sources), and/ornitrogen source 634 (e.g., a nitrate ion feed). Growing subunit 602 mayreceive inputs and/or supply outputs of gases 631A for storage/use/reuseand/or gases generated in the growing subunit may be marketed 631B.Optional nighttime holding subunit 616 receives inputs of nighttimebiomass culture 626 from growing subunit 602, nighttime biomass culture640 from optional stressing and milking subunit 608 and fresh medium604A from optional nutrient storage subunit 604.

Optional Stressing subunit 612 receives inputs of biomass and water 603from growing subunit 602 and biomass and water 646 from optionalstressing and milking subunit 608. The resulting stressed biomass andwater 648 may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 (for downstreamprocessing). Optional stressing and milking subunit 608 receivesoptional inputs of biomass and water 625 from growing subunit 602,biomass and water 646 from optional stressing subunit 612 and/or daytimebiomass culture 638 from optional nighttime holding subunit 616 forprocessing and extraction with solvents for milking 642. Stressing insubunits 608 or 612 may include high intensity light, blue light,temperature fluctuations, nitrogen starvation/depletion, salt content,and/or other methods know to the person of skill in the art. Solventcontaining extracted biomass 644 from the stressing and milking subunit608 may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 (for downstreamprocessing) to obtain useful products such as astaxanthin, arachidonicacid, beta-carotene and/or other products. Vapor compression steamstripping and/or other separation technologies 614 (e.g., FIG. 21),receives biofuel (e.g., ethanol and/or butanol) from growing subunit602. The resulting purified biofuel may be transferred to BPP and/orrefinery 610 (for downstream processing). Biomass and water from growingsubunit 602 may be directly transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 (fordownstream processing) optionally after being treated by any meansherein disclosed and/or known to the person of skill in the art,comprising optionally any or all of the processing steps shown for theBGM outflow fluid 117 downstream from the BGM 110 in FIG. 1, 100 toobtain fuels and/or useful products from biomass (e.g., algae) such aschlorella and spirulina.

In an embodiment, any module or subunit within the BGU may receive anyof the following inputs delivered to the module or subunit by any meansherein disclosed and/or in any manner known to the person of skill inthe art: heat and/or cooling, water, carbon dioxide, exhaust gases,oxygen, light (natural and/or artificial, full spectrum and/or selectedwavelengths), and/or other inputs as necessary to support biomass growthand processing.

FIG. 6 and the foregoing description demonstrate many optional processpaths for growth and/or processing of biomass. In practice, likely onlya subset of the inputs and/or modules in FIG. 6 may be used in any BGU,depending on the type of Growing Subunit used, the type of biomass used,and the product type or types being developed in the BGU.

In an embodiment, an Autotrophic Growing Subunit may grow biomass (e.g.,algae) autotrophically utilizing light and carbon dioxide. The growingsubunit 602 will start with an initial biomass culture of theautotrophic variety, and may receive inputs of light, carbon dioxide632, water from any source 630, fresh medium 604A, an optional nitrogensource 634 and biomass and water 603, 625, 628 from optional stressingsubunit 612, optional stressing and milking subunit 608, and/or optionalnighttime holding subunit 616. The outputs of an autotrophic growingsubunit may comprise 1) oxygen which may be routed for storage/use/reuseand/or marketing, 2) biofuel which may be purified through separationtechnologies 614 and transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 fordownstream processing, 3) biomass and water which may be directlytransferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing, 4)biomass and water 603 which may be transferred to the optional stressingsubunit 612 which may also receive biomass and water 646 from optionalstressing and milking subunit 608 and the resulting biomass and water648 may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstreamprocessing, 5) biomass and water 625 which may be transferred tooptional stressing and milking subunit 608 which may also receivebiomass and water 646 from optional stressing subunit 612. At night thenighttime biomass culture 640 may be transferred to the optionalnighttime holding subunit 616 and during the day the daytime biomassculture 638 may be transferred back to the stressing and milking subunit608. Solvents for milking 642 may be added to the stressing and milkingsubunit 608 and the resulting solvent containing extracted biomass 644may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing.

In an embodiment, a Heterotrophic Growing Subunit will grow biomass(e.g., algae) heterotrophically in the dark utilizing typically organiccarbon and oxygen. The growing subunit 602 may receive inputs of oxygen632, a flexible carbon source 636 (such as glucose, acetic acid,glycerol and/or other sources) water from any source 630, fresh medium604A, and/or biomass and water 603, 625, 628 from optional stressingsubunit 612, optional stressing and milking subunit 608 and/or optionalnighttime holding subunit 616. The outputs of a heterotrophic growingsubunit may comprise 1) carbon dioxide which may be routed forstorage/use/reuse/marketing, 2) biofuel which may be purified throughseparation technologies 614 and transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610for downstream processing, 3) biomass and water which may be directlytransferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing, 4)biomass and water 603 which may be transferred to the optional stressingsubunit 612 which may also receive biomass and water 646 from optionalstressing and milking subunit 608 and the resulting biomass and water648 may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstreamprocessing, 5) biomass and water 625 which may be transferred to theoptional stressing and milking subunit 608 which may also receivebiomass and water 646 from optional stressing subunit 612. At night thenighttime biomass culture 640 may be transferred to the optionalnighttime holding subunit 616 and during the day the daytime biomassculture 638 may be transferred back to the stressing and milking subunit608. Solvents for milking 642 may be added to the stressing and milkingsubunit 608 and the resulting solvent containing extracted biomass 644may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing.

In an embodiment, a Mixotrophic Growing Subunit may grow algaemixotrophically utilizing organic carbon, oxygen, light and carbondioxide simultaneously. The growing subunit 602 may receive inputs ofoxygen 632, carbon dioxide 632, flexible carbon source 636 (such asglucose, acetic acid, glycerol and/or other carbon sources) water fromany source 630, fresh medium 604A, a nitrogen source 634 and biomass andwater 603, 625, 628 from optional stressing subunit 612, optionalstressing and milking subunit 608 and/or optional nighttime holdingsubunit 616. The outputs of a mixotrophic growing subunit maycomprise 1) carbon dioxide and oxygen which may be routed forstorage/use/reuse/marketing, 2) biofuel which may be purified throughseparation technologies 614 and transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610for downstream processing, 3) biomass and water which may be directlytransferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing, 4)biomass and water 603 which may be transferred to the optional stressingsubunit 612 which may also receive biomass and water 646 from optionalstressing and milking subunit 608 and the resulting biomass and water648 may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstreamprocessing, 5) biomass and water 625 which may be transferred to theoptional stressing and milking subunit 608 which may also receivebiomass and water 646 from optional stressing subunit 612. At night thenighttime biomass culture 640 may be transferred to the optionalnighttime holding subunit 616 and during the day the daytime biomassculture 638 may be transferred back to the stressing and milking subunit608. Solvents for milking 642 may be added to the stressing and milkingsubunit 608 and the resulting solvent containing extracted biomass 644may be transferred to BPP and/or refinery 610 for downstream processing.

In reference to FIG. 6 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system600 configured to grow and process biomass comprising a biomass growingsubunit 602 selected from: an autotrophic growing subunit 602; aheterotrophic subunit 602; and/or a mixotrophic subunit 602. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the growing subunit 602 isconfigured to receive inputs selected from: water from any source 630selected from: salt water 630; fresh water 630; high salinity salt water630; wastewater 630; and/or mixtures of the afore mentioned 630; carbondioxide 632; oxygen in any form 632; other gases, for example, NOxand/or SOx 632; a nitrogen source 634; a carbon source 636 selectedfrom: glucose 636; acetic acid 636; glycerol 636; sugarcane 636; cornstover 636; miscanthus 636; switchgrass 636; forest residue 636; wastestreams 636; and/or sugars 636; biomass and water 603, 625; fresh medium604A; and/or a daytime biomass culture 628. A daytime biomass culture isdefined as a biomass culture grown during the daytime. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the growing subunit 602 is configured tooptionally discharge: biomass and water 603; a biofuel 605; gases 631A;a nighttime biomass culture 626; and/or an excess and/or old medium 624.A nighttime biomass culture is defined as a biomass culture grown duringthe nighttime. An embodiment includes the system wherein the freshmedium 604A is supplied to the growing subunit 602 by an optionalnutrient storage subunit 604. An embodiment includes the system whereinthe nutrient storage subunit 604 is configured to receive optionalinputs selected from: fresh nutrients 620; feed water 630; and/orfiltered old medium 622. An embodiment includes the system wherein thedaytime biomass culture 628 is supplied by an optional nighttime holdingsubunit(s) 616. An embodiment includes the system wherein the nighttimeholding subunit(s) 616 is optionally configured to receive inputsselected from: fresh medium 635; and/or a nighttime biomass culture 626,640 from one or more different inputs. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the nutrient storage subunit 604 is configured to provide afresh medium 635 to the nighttime holding subunit(s) 616. An embodimentincludes the system wherein a nighttime biomass culture 626, 640 isprovided to the nighttime holding subunit(s) 616 by: the growing subunit602; and/or a stressing and milking subunit(s) 608. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the growing subunit 602 is configured toprovide and optionally receive biomass and water 603, 625 to and/orfrom: a BPP module 610; a refinery module 610; a stressing subunit(s)612; and/or the stressing and milking subunit(s) 608. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the stressing subunit(s) 612 is optionallyconfigured to provide and receive biomass and water 646 to and/or fromthe stressing and milking subunit(s) 608. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein the stressing subunit(s) 612 is configured to providebiomass and water 648 to the BPP module 610 and/or the refinery module610. An embodiment includes the system wherein the stressing and milkingsubunit(s) 608 is configured to receive a daytime biomass culture 638from an optional nighttime holding subunit(s) 616. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the stressing and milking subunit(s) 608 isoptionally configured to provide biomass and water 625 to the growingsubunit 602. An embodiment includes the system wherein the stressing andmilking subunit(s) 608 is configured to receive an input of solvent(s)642 for milking biomass. An embodiment includes the system wherein thestressing and milking subunit(s) 608 is configured to supply solventcontaining extracted biomass 644 to the BPP module 610 and/or therefinery module 610. An embodiment includes the system wherein anyportion of the biofuel 605 is supplied to a vapor compression steamstripping and/or other separation technologies subunit 614, for example,FIG. 21. An embodiment includes the system wherein the vapor compressionsteam stripping and/or other separation technologies subunit 614 isconfigured to supply a purified biofuel 615 stream to the BPP module 610and/or the refinery module 610. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the growing subunit 602 is configured to supply gases 631A to asubunit for storage/use/reuse/marketing 631B, wherein the gases 631A areoptionally: stored; reused in the growing subunit; reused in a differentgrowing subunit; reused for other purposes in the Plan; and/or marketed.An embodiment includes the system wherein the excess and/or old medium624 is provided to an optional cross-flow filtration subunit 606. Anembodiment includes the system wherein filtered old medium 622 from thecross-flow filtration subunit 606 is provided to the nutrient storagesubunit 604. An embodiment includes the system wherein any subunit isconfigured to receive a stream of resources optionally selected from:heat and/or cooling optionally from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2; waterfrom any source optionally from the Plan, for example, FIG. 3; carbondioxide optionally from the Plan, for example, FIG. 4; exhaust gasesoptionally from the Plan; oxygen optionally from the Plan, for example,FIG. 25; other gases, for example, NOx and/or SOx; and/orlighting—natural and/or artificial, full spectrum and/or selectedwavelengths. An embodiment includes the system wherein the stressingsubunit(s) 612 and/or the stressing and milking subunit(s) 608 areconfigured to receive inputs optionally selected from: high intensitylight; blue light; temperature fluctuations; nitrogenstarvation/depletion; salt content; and/or other methods known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art.

In reference to FIG. 6 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodof producing biomass comprising growing a biomass in a system 600.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, heat and/orcogenerated cooling from thermal plant combustion exhaust can bedelivered via one or more conveyance(s) and employed to heat and/or coola BGM, individual BGU(s), and/or individual BGU subunits, or componentsmaintaining an optimal biological growth and/or reproduction rate in abiomass growth module. As biomass growth may be typicallytemperature-dependent, during colder seasons, and/or with dailytemperature changes, and/or other temperature fluctuations, such heat,e.g., waste heat, assists biological growth in many cases; and/or may beused in other processes, comprising heating water for any process orpurpose e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 2). Waste heat may also be convertedto cooling (e.g., via cogeneration) in order to regulate BGM, individualBGU, and/or BGU component temperatures to prevent overheating, inrefining/processing biomass, such as the condensing of recycledsolvents, to cool/refrigerate biomass products, and/or for any other usee.g., in the Plan.

With respect to FIG. 7A, in certain embodiments of an exhaust gasrecovery module 700, the thermal plant 222 feeds exhaust (or stackgases) 706 into a conveyance 702 discharging 703 the products ofcombustion. A gas diversion 704 may be taken off the conveyance 702.Optional valves, e.g., a control valve 708, control the flow of gaseseither through the stack/conveyance 702 and/or the diversion 704. Gases706 not routed to the diversion 704 may be optionally treated withstandard pollution control technologies and/or heat recoverytechnologies 705 known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Gasespassed through diversion 704 may be routed through an optional exhaustgas recovery module 707, wherein they may be passed through an optionalheat recovery unit 710 and then through an optional pollutionentrainment module 713, e.g., another embodiment of a pollution controlmodule 705, which may use any technolog(ies) known to those of skill inthe art (e.g., for treating exhaust gases), but which may focus more ontechnologies known to entrain pollutants for use in a BGM 714, such as awet scrubber. Any water and/or other fluid source 712 may provide fluidas needed to heat recovery unit 710, making use of technologies such asa heat exchanger 710 and to a pollution control/heat recovery unit 705,and pollution entrainment module 713. Pollution control/heat recovery705, optional pollution entrainment module 713, and heat recovery module710 all may supply heat and/or nutrients and/or water and/or otherfluids and/or pollutants 720, 730, 731 to a BGM, to be stored and/orrouted for other heat and/or water and/or other fluid use e.g., in thePlan 714. Motive Devices 716, 722 and 724 facilitate movement of gasesthrough this exhaust gas recovery module 707. Exhaust gases from thisprocess may be directed to the BGM 714 to provide carbon dioxide and/orother gases, for other carbon dioxide use e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 4)and/or to any use for heat e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 2) and/or to storageand/or for discharge 729. The diversion 704 may carry anywhere from zeroto 100 percent of the exhaust effluents. In an embodiment, the diversion704 may carry any selected portion of effluents, e.g., CO₂, that may berouted directly to the biomass growth module 714 and/or treated usingother apparatus and/or methods that may be suited to purpose ofpreparation of the exhaust or stack gas effluent 706 for biomassproduction, and/or optionally treated and routed for other uses ofcarbon dioxide and/or heat e.g., in the Plan and/or for storage and/ordischarge 700. The pollution control measures used to treat any exhaustor stack gases before release into the environment may comprisetechnologies such as a wet or dry scrubber, a lime slurry spray drier toremove sulfur and/or chlorine compounds, and/or a baghouse to removeparticulates. Activated carbon may be injected into the baghouse toremove mercury and/or dioxins. Other technologies and/or methods knownto those of ordinary skill in the art may be used to treat exhaust gasesprior to discharge. Heat recovery may be performed at any stage beforedischarge into the environment by standard technologies, such as heatexchangers, and the heat and any water, or other fluids, and/orpollutants may be provided to the BGM and/or to the Plan 730.

In an alternative embodiment, heat recovery may occur in a process stepafter the use of a pollution entrainment module, e.g., FIG. 7B. Asidefrom the change in sequence of the pollution entrainment module and heatrecovery unit, the rest of the design remains substantially the same asFIG. 7A. With respect to FIG. 7B, in certain embodiments of an exhaustgas recovery module 700A, the thermal plant 222 feeds exhaust into anoptional conveyance 702 discharging the products of combustion. Adiversion of gases 704 may be taken off the conveyance 702. Optionalvalves, e.g., a control valve 708, control the flow of gases eitherthrough the conveyance 702 and/or the diversion 704. Gases 706 notrouted to the diversion 704 may be optionally treated with standardpollution control technologies and/or heat recovery technologies 705known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Gases passed throughdiversion 704 may be routed through an optional exhaust gas recoverymodule 709 wherein they may be passed through optional pollutionentrainment module 726, e.g., another embodiment of a pollution controlmodule 705, which may use any technologies known to the art, but whichmay focus more on technologies known to entrain pollutants for use in aBGM, such as a wet scrubber, and then to a heat recovery unit 710. Anywater and/or other fluid source 712 may provide fluid as needed to heatrecovery unit 710, making use of technologies such as a heat exchanger710 and to a pollution control/heat recovery unit 705, and pollutionentrainment module 726. Pollution control/heat recovery 705, optionalpollution entrainment module 726, and heat recovery module 710 allsupply heat and/or nutrients and/or water and/or other fluids and/orpollutants 728 o a BGM, to be stored and/or routed for other heat and/orwater and/or other fluid use e.g., in the Plan 714. Optional motivedevices 716, 722 and 724 facilitate movement of gases through thisexhaust gas recovery module 700. Exhaust gases 706 from this process maybe directed to the BGM to provide carbon dioxide and/or other gases, forother carbon dioxide use e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 4) and/or to any usefor heat e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 2) and/or to storage and/or discharged718. The diversion 704 may carry anywhere from zero to 100 percent ofthe exhaust or stack effluents.

Reversing the pollution entrainment module 726 and heat recovery module710 in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B in some embodiments may provide beneficialuses of the high heat content in the exhaust gas using the pollutionentrainment module 726 before it may be directed to heat recovery 710.In addition to constraining contaminants as described above, thepollution entrainment module 726, when used, may also act as a heatexchanger to a degree, and additional heat recovery may occur with theother optional heat recovery technologies such as heat exchangers.

In an embodiment, the pollution control measures 705 used to treat anyexhaust gases before release into the environment may comprisetechnologies such as a wet and/or dry scrubber, a lime slurry spraydrier to remove sulfur and/or chlorine compounds, and/or a baghouse toremove particulates. Activated carbon may be injected into the baghouseto remove mercury and/or dioxins. Other technologies known to those ofordinary skill in the art may be used to treat exhaust gases prior todischarge. Heat recovery may be performed optionally at any stage beforedischarge into the environment by standard technologies, such as heatexchangers, and the heat and any water, or other fluids, and/orpollutants may be provided to the BGM and/or to the Plan 730.

In this manner (e.g., as described in 700 or 700A) and/or in anothermanner known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, the exhaust gaseffluent 706 may be treated (e.g., to remove pollutants) and heatcaptured before either transfer 730 to the biomass growth module 714, orrelease into the environment, or both. In an embodiment, controlledamounts of exhaust gases 706 from this process may be directed to theBGM 714 in order to provide carbon dioxide, and/or anywhere else e.g.,in the Plan carbon dioxide may be used, e.g., FIG. 4. This carbondioxide stream may be optionally further treated before such use. In anembodiment, the pollution entrainment module 726 and/or pollutioncontrol module 705 may scrub volatile organic compounds out of thewater, react out NOx compounds, condense certain compounds, captureoxides of sulfur, rendering a useful, weak, sulfurous acid, captureparticulate matter, capture metals, dioxins/furans and/or otherwiseclean the exhaust effluents. In an embodiment, the CO2 and NOx contentof these flows to the BGM 714 may vigorously promote photosynthesis inthe biomass growth module in photosynthetic embodiments. In anembodiment, nitrogen-enriched water from these processes may be routedto assist in growth of crops other than those in the biomass growthmodule. In water, such as that used in the pollution entrainment module726 and/or in the BGM 714, sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃),a weak acid. One valuable use of sulfurous acid may be to remediatealkaline and salty soils and/or water. In an embodiment, it may be usedin this manner wherever it may be advantageous e.g., in the Plan and/oroffsite.

With respect to designs 700 or 700A, in an embodiment, given the contentof pollutants in the exhaust gas and/or any liquid discharge from thepollution entrainment module and/or liquid discharge from the pollutioncontrol module to be directed to the BGM, the liquid discharge and/orexhaust gases directed to the BGM (whether processed through exhaust gasrecovery module 700, 700A or another means) may be treated in any mannerknown to those in the art to allow for biomass growth. For example ifthe gases contain high levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), or the liquiddischarge has entrained a high content of SOx emissions, reducing the pHof the discharge to levels lower than the biomass can tolerate in theBGM, either liquid discharge and/or the BGM may be treated with sodiumhydroxide and/or another chemical to elevate the pH to levels acceptableto the biomass. Any other treatment method(s) known to the person ofskill in the art may be used to prepare either exhaust gases and/orliquids of any kind for introduction into the BGM, or particular BGUswithin a BGM.

In reference to FIG. 7A and 7B, an embodiment of the disclosure includesa system comprising: A thermal plant module 222 comprising a source ofexhaust gases 706; wherein the exhaust gases comprise carbon dioxide;and wherein a conveyance 702 carries the exhaust gases away from thesource; wherein a diversion 704 therefrom carries any portion of theexhaust gases from the conveyance into an exhaust gas recovery modulecomprising: one or more valves 708 ; one or more motive devices 716; aheat recovery module 710; and/or a pollution entrainment module 713,726.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a discharge section 703 of theconveyance 702 is configured to convey any portion of the exhaust gases706 for discharge 729.

An embodiment includes the system wherein one or more valves 708 arepositioned on the conveyance 702 to control the flow of exhaust gases706 through the discharge section 703.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or heat recovery module705 are provided on the discharge section 703.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or either or both of theheat recovery modules 705, 710 are configured to optionally provideheat, water, gases, carbon dioxide, or other fluid(s), and/or pollutants720, 730, 731 to a BGM 714, either directly from the thermal plant 222,or optionally after pollution control treatment 705, chemical treatment,and/or combination with water 712, 728 from other sources, optionallyfrom the Plan, for example, FIG. 3.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or either or both of theheat recovery modules 705, 710 are configured to store or hold 718 theheat, water, gases, carbon dioxide, or other fluid(s), and/or pollutants720, 730 before providing the heat, water, gases, carbon dioxide, orother fluid(s), and/or pollutants 720,730 ,731 to a BGM 714 optionallyafter pollution control treatment, chemical treatment, and/orcombination with water 728 from other sources.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or heat recovery module705, 710 utilize(s) a heat exchanger 710.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726 and/or heat recovery module705, 710 utilize: activated carbon, hearth furnace cokes, zeolites,lime, chlorine, sprayers, sorbents, filtration, photochemical methods,selective catalytic reduction, dry scrubber, wet scrubber, e.g., spraytower, tray tower, packed bed tower, two-pass wet scrubber, and/or otherwet scrubber; and/or any of the above in any sequence or combination.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the discharge section 703 isconfigured to optionally discharge 729 any portion of the exhaust gases706.

An embodiment includes the system wherein an optional valve 708 at ornear the beginning of the diversion 704 is configured to control theflow of exhaust gases 706 from the conveyance 702 through the exhaustgas recovery module 707, 709.

An embodiment includes the system optionally comprising one or moremotive devices 716 to control flow of the exhaust gases 706 from theconveyance 702, through discharge section 703, through the diversion704, and through the exhaust gas recovery module 707, 709.

An embodiment includes the system wherein an optional heat recoverymodule 710 is provided either upstream (e.g., FIG. 7A) or downstream(e.g., FIG. 7B) from the pollution entrainment module 713, 726.

An embodiment includes the system wherein water from any source in thePlan 712 optionally pretreated may be used in the pollution entrainmentmodule 713,726, the pollution control module 705, and/or either of theheat recovery modules 705, 710.

An embodiment includes the system wherein water from any source in thePlan or other fluids optionally pretreated 712 may be used in the heatrecovery modules 705, 710.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the gases comprising carbondioxide and/or remaining heat 724 after the above process as in theexhaust gas recovery module 707, 709 are provided to a BGM and/or otherheat and/or carbon dioxide use either directly or after mixing withother gases 718, and/or are stored for later use in the BGM and/or fordischarge 718.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the motive device(s) 716 areselected from a damper, a blower, and a combination thereof.

An embodiment includes the system comprising controlling pressure at thediversion 704, the outlet of the discharge section 703, and/or or theconveyance 702 by controlling the valves 708 and/or operation of themotive device(s) 716.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution entrainmentmodule 713, 726, exhaust gas recovery module 707, 709, pollution controland/or heat recovery module(s) 705, 710 are configured to removepollutants from the exhaust gases 706 into water 712 and transfer thepollutants to the BGM 714 via the water; and wherein the BGM 714 isconfigured to remove and/or utilize in the pollutants: any portion oforganic compounds contained therein; any portion of the sulfur compoundscontained therein; any portion of the particulates contained therein;any portion of the metals contained therein; any portion of the heatcontained therein with respect to ambient temperature; any portion ofthe oxides of sulfur are converted into sulfurous acid; any portion ofsulfur oxide(s) wherein optionally salts are removed from the water byusing sulfurous acid resulting from exhaust gas sulfur oxide(s) removaland conversion to sulfurous acid in the water; and/or any portion ofexhaust gas NOx emissions are retrieved from the exhaust gases into thewater which may become biomass-available nitrogen compounds.

An embodiment includes the system configured such that a growth rate ofthe biomass in the BGM 718 is regulated by: exposing the biomass to heatremoved from the exhaust gases 706 into the water used in the pollutionentrainment module 713, 726 and/or other heat recovery modules 705, 710and/or heat remaining in the exhaust gases 724; distributing thereto atleast a portion of carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases 706;distributing compounds of nitrogen derived from the NOx in the exhaustgases 706 and the water 712 sprayed into the pollution entrainmentmodule 713, 726 and/or the pollution control module 705; distributingother organic compounds from the exhaust gases 706 which may be utilizedby the biomass; distributing other inorganic compounds from the exhaustgases 706 which may be utilized by the biomass; and/or exposing agreater surface area of the biomass to the exhaust gases 706 andoptionally to light, heat and/or nutrients by churning the water inwhich the biomass is growing by pulsing the flow of exhaust gases 706into the BGM 718 and/or varying exhaust gas flow rates across a planarcross-section in a BGM's growing subunit to create a stirring action.

An embodiment includes a system for biomass growth resource managementcomprising a pollution control module 705, a pollution entrainmentmodule 713, 726, and/or one or more heat recovery modules 705, 710configured to optionally provide heat, water, gases, carbon dioxide,other fluid(s), and/or pollutants 720 to a BGM 714 and/or other heat orwater use module 718 or process in the system.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, a pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or one or more heatrecovery modules 705, 710 are optionally configured to provide heat,water, gases, carbon dioxide, other fluid(s), and/or pollutants 720 to aanother module, design, component, and the like, either directly, aftertreatment, and/or after mixing with other fluids and/or for storage forlater use in the BGM 714, 718 and/or for discharge 700, 700A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or heat recoverymodule(s) 705, 710 utilize a heat exchanger 710.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pollution control module705, pollution entrainment module 713, 726 and/or heat recoverymodule(s) 705, 710 utilize: activated carbon; hearth furnace cokes;zeolites; lime; chlorine; sprayers; sorbents; filtration; photochemicalmethods; selective catalytic reduction; dry scrubber; wet scrubber,e.g., spray tower, tray tower, packed bed tower, two-pass wet scrubber,and/or other wet scrubber; other pollution control or entrainmenttechniques known to those skilled in the art; and/or any of the above inany sequence or combination.

An embodiment includes the system wherein an optional heat recoverymodule 710 is provided either upstream (e.g., FIG. 7A) or downstream(e.g., FIG. 7B) from the pollution entrainment module 713, 726.

An embodiment includes the system wherein water from any source in thePlan 712 optionally pretreated may be used in: the pollution entrainmentmodule 713, 726; the pollution control module 705; and/or either of theheat recovery modules 705, 710.

In further reference to FIG. 7A and 7B, an embodiment of the disclosureincludes a method of trapping exhaust gases (within an integrated powergeneration, fuel generation, and waste treatment integrated system)comprising: capturing exhaust gas 706 from a system thermal plant 222,conveying the exhaust gas 706 to a diversion 704 operatively connectedto the thermal plant 222; and diverting a portion of the exhaust gas 706to a gas recovery module 707, 709.

An embodiment includes the method comprising discharging a portion ofthe exhaust gas 706 to a discharge section 703, a pollution controlmodule 705, a pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or heatrecovery module 705, 710 are provided on the discharge section 703 andextracting from the portion of exhaust gas 706 heat, water, gases,carbon dioxide, or other fluid(s), and/or pollutants 720.

An embodiment includes the method comprising storing and/or deliveringthe heat, water, gases, carbon dioxide, or other fluid(s), and/orpollutants 720 to a BGM 714 or other system module.

An embodiment includes the method of managing a biomass growth resourcecomprising providing the system including a pollution control module705, a pollution entrainment module 713, 726, and/or one or more heatrecovery modules 705, 710, configured to optionally provide heat, water,gases, carbon dioxide, other fluid(s), and/or pollutants 720 to a BGM714 and/or other heat or water use module or process in the system.

In further reference to FIG. 7A and 7B, an embodiment of the disclosureincludes a method of remediating an exhaust gas comprising furthertreating exhaust gas with the water and pollutants 720 removed fromexhaust gases 706, e.g., in a second scrubber process, e.g., FIG. 22 atwo pass wet scrubber for NOx reduction, and/or other process.

In further reference to FIG. 7A and 7B, an embodiment of the disclosureincludes a method of remediating alkaline water and/or salty waterand/or soil comprising treating the alkaline water and/or the saltywater and/or the soil with the water and pollutants 720 removed fromexhaust gases 706, e.g., using any means known to those in the art.

With respect to capture of carbon dioxide, e.g., reference to FIG. 7Aand/or 7B, power plant exhaust may be composed of between 3-15% carbondioxide. If an oxy-fuel process may be used, the carbon dioxidepercentage may be significantly higher. In an embodiment, it may beanticipated that nearly 100 percent of the carbon dioxide introducedinto the biomass growth module may be converted to biomass whenutilizing photobioreactor(s) and photosynthetic algae in the BGM, and asignificant portion, which may be from 50%-85%, may be utilized inembodiments using pond-based or other open systems. In an embodiment,the percentage of carbon emitted from the exhaust gases and converted tobiomass in the biomass growth module may be from 30% to 80% of thecarbon, or from 50% to 100%, or from 70% to 100%, or from 75% to 100% orfrom 80% to 100% or from 80% to 95% of the carbon.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 4 and/or other figures and/or descriptionrelating to flows of other gases, heat, cooling, water, fuels, and/ormaterials of any kind, sensors and/or flow controls of any descriptionmay be used to control these carbon dioxide flows and/or any other flowse.g., in the Plan. Flows may be stored in whole or in part before use asdescribed (e.g., these flows may be stored overnight, and directed to aphotosynthetic BGM during the day).

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, especially NO for example, in exhaustgases, may be often not effectively removed by wet scrubbers due to lowsolubility in water. However, acidic water may be more effective atremoving NOx. Also, lower temperature water may be more effective atremoving NOx.

With reference to FIG. 22, a Two-Pass Wet Scrubber for NOx Reduction2200 provides a means to purify polluted gases in a more effectivemanner than a common single-pass wet scrubber. A conveyance or diversion2210, e.g., such as those used to convey gases from a Thermal Plant 222to a pollution control module 705 or pollution entrainment module 713e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B carries exhaust gases to a wet scrubber's firstpass 2240 which uses water from any source 2230 in a scrubber in anymanner known to those skilled in the art. The outflow of water from thisprocess carries heat and/or pollutants 2250 to an optional heat recoveryand reuse module 2252. This outflow water 2250 may have substantiallyremoved the SOx content of the exhaust gases, which may be converted inthe water to sulfurous acid, reducing the pH of the water, possibly to apH of between 4 and 6. The lower pH water may be more effective atreducing NOx emissions in the exhaust gases if used in a second passthan water of neutral pH, or may be more easily treated to optimize pHfor the wet scrubber. After optional heat recovery which may reduce thetemperature of the water, further increasing its effectiveness inreducing NOx as scrubber source water, while providing heat to the Plan2252, any portion of the water with pollutants 2256 may be optionallytreated in any manner known to those in the art and sent for use in theBGM, to storage, or other heat and/or water use e.g., in the Plan 2280.Any other portion of the water and pollutants 2254 may undergo optionaladditional treatment in any manner known to those of skill in the art2258, comprising the optional addition of chemicals (e.g., ammonia,urea, other chemicals) 2260 in preparation for use in a scrubber. Theresulting water mixture may then be used in one or two different ways:in the first wet scrubber pass 2274, 2230, 2240; and/or in a second wetscrubber pass 2270, 2276. Any portion of the water carrying pollutants2274 may be returned to provide any portion of the source water 2230 foruse in the first wet scrubber pass action on the exhaust gases (the wetscrubber's “first pass”) 2240, reducing the source water's pH andincreasing its effectiveness at NOx removal, and/or to a flow of theexhaust gases downstream from the first scrubber pass 2250, to be usedin whole or in part as the water source 2270 for a second wet scrubbersection (i.e., a “second pass”) 2276. The second pass may thereby beconducted with water of lower pH, and, may provide a better reduction ofNOx gases from the exhaust gas stream. This scrubber process may beconducted in the presence of one or more catalysts 2272, and/or in anyother means known to those in the art to effectively mitigate NOxemissions (e.g., catalysts fixed to ceramics used to facilitate thereduction of NOx). The outflow from the second pass 2278 may be thensent either directly to the BGM 2280 or treated in any way known tothose in the art and then sent for use in the BGM, to storage, and/orother heat and/or water use e.g., in the Plan 2280. The Two-Pass WetScrubber for NOx Reduction may be used in conjunction with any otherpollution control, entrainment, and/or mitigation means known to thoseof skill in the art (e.g., in a pollution control module 705 orpollution entrainment module 713 e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B). Additionaltreatment of any kind as known to the person of skill in the art may beused at any stage, e.g., before the first pass of the scrubber, betweenthe first and second passes, and/or after the second pass 2220, 2282,2284.

In reference to FIG. 22, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 2200 configured to reduce NOx and SOx gaseous emissions of anexhaust gas, wherein said exhaust gas is optionally delivered to a BGM2280, the system comprising: a conveyance or diversion 2210 configuredto direct the exhaust gas to a wet scrubber 2240; a wet scrubber 2240configured to utilize water from any source 2230 in the system,configured to capture SOx in the exhaust gas (a first pass 2240); andwherein the scrubber 2240 defines outflows of water, heat, and/or otherpollutants 2250 and wherein the outflow water, heat, and/or otherpollutants 2250 is or are used for subsequent scrubbing (the second pass2276), wherein the subsequent scrubbing is effective to remove NOx. Anembodiment includes the system wherein the outflow of water, heat,and/or pollutants 2250 from the first pass 2240, optionally treated2256, is provided in whole or in part to: a heat recovery and reusemodule 2252; a BGM 2280; a storage module(s) 2280; a module for otherheat recovery and use in Plan 2280, for example, FIG. 2; and/or a modulefor water recovery and use in Plan 2280, for example, FIG. 3. Anembodiment includes the system, wherein any portion of the outflow ofwater and/or pollutants 2254 is chemically treated 2258, 2260 for use ina scrubber. An embodiment includes the system, wherein optionally, anyportion 2274 of the resulting optionally treated outflow of water and/orpollutants 2270 from the first pass 2240 is used in the scrubber's firstpass 2240 after optionally mixing with a water source 2230. Anembodiment includes the system, wherein any portion of the optionallytreated outflow of water and/or pollutants 2270 optionally mixed withanother water source is directed for use in the second scrubber pass2276. An embodiment includes the system, wherein one or more catalysts2272 are used in a scrubber 2276. Catalyst is defined as a chemicalwhich facilitates a beneficial chemical reaction comprising a reducingagent of any kind optionally comprising anhydrous ammonia, aqueousammonia and/or urea. An embodiment includes the system, wherein theoutflow of water, heat and/or pollutants 2278 from the second scrubberpass 2276, optionally treated, is directed for use in: a BGM 2280; astorage module(s) 2280; a module for heat recovery and use in Plan 2280,for example, FIG. 2; and/or a module for water recovery and use in Plan2280, for example, FIG. 3. An embodiment includes the system, whereinoptional treatment of the exhaust gas is performed: before use in thefirst scrubber pass 2220; between the first scrubber pass and the secondscrubber pass 2282; and/or after the second scrubber pass 2284. Optionaltreatment is defined as optionally pollution reduction, temperaturechange, reduction of the volume of gases, addition of other gases,and/or any other means known to those of the art for preparing gases foroptimal use in one or more of the scrubber passes, or for additionaltreatment (e.g., in preparation for discharge to the environment) afterone or more scrubber passes have been completed. In reference to FIG. 22an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system 2200 for managing andtreating pollutants wherein water and/or pollutants from any source 2278optionally treated are provided to: a BGM 2280; a storage module(s)2280; a module for heat recovery and use in Plan 2280, for example, FIG.2; and/or a module for water recovery and use in Plan 2280, for example,FIG. 3. An embodiment includes the system, wherein the water and/orpollutants are heated before being provided to any one or more ofmodules: a BGM 2280; a storage module(s) 2280; a module for heatrecovery and use in Plan 2280, for example, FIG. 2; and/or a module forwater recovery and use in Plan 2280, for example, FIG. 3. An embodimentincludes the system, wherein the heat, water, and/or pollutants 2278,are provided by the outflow of a wet scrubber 2276.

In reference to FIG. 22 an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of scrubbing a SOx and NOx pollutants from a stack gascomprising: directing an exhaust gas through a conveyance or diversion2210 to a scrubber 2240, scrubbing the exhaust in the scrubber with afluid configured to remove SOx pollutants from the exhaust gas, andscrubbing the exhaust in a second scrubber 2276 with the fluid. Anembodiment includes the method, wherein the second scrubber 2276 is thescrubber. An embodiment includes the method, wherein the fluid ischemically treated 2258, 2260 before the exhaust is scrubbed in thescrubber and/or the second scrubber 2276.

Thus, with reference to FIG. 9, a hydrothermal liquefaction process 900includes pressurized feed tanks 902, capable of receiving biomass and/orbiocrude 903, may be fed by pumps, e.g., syringe pumps 904, to apreheating unit, e.g., a horizontal oil jacketed preheater 906.Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 908 receives and heats preheatedbiomass and/or biocrude. A downstream reactor, e.g., oil jacketedplug-flow reactor 910 destroys the cellular structure of any remainingbiomass and sent to a filtration/purification process, e.g., separatorwith filter 912. Liquid product, e.g., an oil or oil-water mixture, maybe sent to a collection vessel or process, e.g., oil-jacketed liquidcollectors 914. Biocrude or refined biofuel exits the process through aBack Pressure Regulator 916, main WTM 918 and sample WTM 920, with anExhaust 922.

The water resources needed to absorb and carry heat (e.g., waste heat)away from thermal plants can be very significant. When this large amountof waste heat may be discharged into the environment in the form ofheated air, steam and/or water, and/or by other means, energy may belost, water may be used, and it can produce detrimental effects to theenvironment. The systems within this disclosure effectively make use ofheat, comprising waste heat, for a variety of processes e.g., asdescribed herein.

With reference to FIG. 15A, notwithstanding the concentration of biofuelin the biomass, a biomass/ water slurry e.g., a treated biomass/waterslurry (TBW slurry) 1504 may be transferred to a thermal process, suchas the thermal plant 222 to be used as a cooling fluid. In embodiment1500A (Module #1), optional pump 1502 sends treated biomass 1504 in awater slurry through heat exchanger 1506 to provide cooling for athermal process, e.g., the cooling/condensation stage of a thermodynamiccycle, e.g., a Rankine cycle, and/or other process steps where coolingwater may be needed in any thermal process, e.g., thermal plant 222.Thus, the resulting hot biomass and/or biocrude and/or biofuel watermixture 1508 may be optionally sent to a Refinery and/or BPP 1514,and/or the BGM 110, 212, 402, and/or transferred to a separation module1510. Depending on the separation technology employed, and whether ornot sufficient temperature may be attained to achieve in situ conversionof biomass to biocrude and/or biofuels by HTP and/or another process,hot biomass and/or biofuel water slurry 1512 and/or hot biocrude and/orbiofuel (gaseous or liquid) 1513 may be transferred to refinery and/orBPP 1514. Afterward, heat may be captured from the thermal processes ofmodule #1 at module 1518, a heat recovery module. Recovery of water,pressure, gases (such as carbon dioxide) and/or other byproducts mayalso be performed at this stage in module 1518. In this embodiment hotwater/steam 1516 may be separated and sent to module 1518 fromseparation module 1510. In an embodiment, outflows from the refineryand/or BPP may be sent to module 1518 for recovery of heat, water,pressure, gases (such as carbon dioxide). Alternatively, in anembodiment, the hot biomass and/or biocrude and/or biofuel water mixture1508 instead may be rerouted through another pass in any heat exchangerin the system or Plan 1507 before being sent to a separation module 1510and/or the refinery and/or BPP 1514, with the heated mixture beingpumped 1507 through another heat exchanger 1506, then proceeding throughall of the steps listed above. In an embodiment, this process may berepeated any number of times to achieve a desired temperature. In thismanner, the TBW slurry 1504 may be gradually heated through a variety ofheat exchange processes. This may help mitigate biofouling, and/or otherproblems associated with rapid heating to high temperature. The heatexchanger(s) 1506, 1507 in this process or other processes in thedisclosed Plan may use technologies which prevent or inhibit fouling,comprising selection of advantageous heat exchanger designs, the use ofspecial materials to protect the heat exchangers, like titanium, amagnetite layer, other coatings and/or materials, pretreatment of thecooling fluid, additives to the cooling fluid, such as additives tochange the pH, temperature and flow controls, and other measures knownto those of the art to prevent biofouling due to the biomass content ofthe TBW slurry 1504 and/or other types of fouling, or may comprise othertechnologies not strictly termed or considered heat exchangers, whichmay be suited to the purpose of transferring either heat and/or cooling.

In an embodiment, the heated solution that may be the product of aninitial heat exchange process or other process steps may be treated inany manner known to the art and/or may be combined with other fluidsource(s) before further steps depicted in FIG. 15A. In an embodimente.g., FIGS. 2, 15A and/or 15B, additional heat, optionally thermal plantprimary process heat and/or heat from a different source (e.g., adedicated burner) may be applied at any stage of the process depicted inFIG. 15A where it may be beneficial. The refinery and/or BPP 1514 mayfurther refine the materials directed to them e.g., as described herein.In an embodiment, the biocrude and/or biofuel(s) resulting from thisprocess may be directed to the thermal plant 222 to provide power and/ormay be exported offsite. In an embodiment, the heat exchange process1506 may be used to heat the TBW slurry 1504 for optimization oftemperature in the BGM 110/212/402, rather than for refining orpreheating for refining. In this embodiment, the TBW slurry downstreamfrom the heat exchanger 1508 may be routed in whole or in part to theBGM 110/212/402. In an embodiment, any one or more of the process pathsdownstream from the heat exchanger 1506 may be followed using separatemodules 1500A. For example, one version of 1500A may use a heatexchanger 1507 which generates high heat to separate and refine biomasse.g., 1510 or 1514, and another separate module 1500A may be used inanother heat exchanger 1507 to provide lower temperature heated fluid toa BGM e.g., 1500A.

In an embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 15B and with reference,optionally to FIG. 3, embodiment 1500B may be described. Optional pump1502 transfers a fluid, e.g., a cooling fluid 1521 to a heat exchanger1520 to provide heated fluid 1522 that may be then transferred fordirect use e.g., in the Plan and/or to heat recovery unit, and/or afluid recovery unit, and/or optionally pressure recovery unit 1524.Also, in an embodiment, any fluid source 1521 may be routed through twoor more heat exchange processes 1520 e.g., anywhere in the Plan 1524before being used e.g., in the Plan 1524 to heat other processes, and/orfor other uses where heated fluid 1522 may be beneficial. Heated fluid1522 is optionally used a source of feed water 1522 for BGM 110/212/402either directly or mixed with other source(s) (e.g., to optimize BGUtemperature and/or other aspects important to biomass growth), and/oroptionally in an embodiment, heated fluid 1522 may be sent to heatrecovery unit, and/or a fluid recovery unit, and/or pressure recoveryunit 1524 to recover heat, fluid and/or pressure in whole or in part andthen fluid 1523 may be transferred and used either directly or incombination with other fluid(s) for use as feed water for BGM110/212/402 and/or any BGU, and/or any BGU subunit comprised by the BGM.In an embodiment, heated fluid 1522 may be sent to heat recovery unit,and/or a fluid recovery unit, and/or pressure recovery unit 1524 torecover heat, fluid and/or pressure in whole or in part and then fluid1525 may be transferred and used either directly or in combination withother fluid(s) to feed container 1220, which keeps fluid 1525 separatefrom BGM 1218/110/212/402, but allows transfer of heat to BGM1218/110/212/402 and/or any BGU, and/or any BGU subunit comprised by theBGM. In this manner, heat or heated fluid 1522, 1524 may be used e.g.,in the Plan directly and/or recovered for any use e.g., in the Plan (SeeFIG. 2). Where water may be used, the water may be also reclaimed andused e.g., FIG. 3. Other fluids used in this process may also bereclaimed. Where possible, pressure may be also reclaimed and usedwherever beneficial e.g., in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 23, 2300). In anembodiment, in this fashion, optionally, thermal process (e.g., thermalplant 222) waste heat and/or heat from any other fluid, source orprocess in the Plan, system or design may be transferred to thebiomass/water slurry 1504 and/or BGM 110, 212, 402, 1218 either asheated in the heat exchanger 1522, and/or after optional recovery inwhole or in part of heat, fluid, and/or pressure 1524, 1523 to be usedin whole or in part as feed water to the BGM 101, and/or any individualBGU 600 comprised by the BGM, and/or any individual growing subunitcomprised by the BGU 630, 602 and/or any other subunit comprised by aBGU e.g., FIG. 6, 600, and/or to heat the BGM indirectly using fluid1525 after optional recovery in whole or in part of heat, fluid, and/orpressure 1524, wherein fluid 1525, optionally combined with otherfluids, by use of use of a container 1220 which keeps the heated fluidseparate from the BGM 1218, 110, 212, 402. These systems and/or methodsof transferring heat may be used in the BGM 1218, 110, 212, 402, and/orany individual BGU 600 comprised by the BGM, and/or any individualgrowing subunit 630, 602, and/or any other subunit comprised by a BGUe.g., FIG. 6, 600, and or to recover heat for use in the Plan 1524, FIG.2, in order to use heat where it may be most effective in the Plan. Inan embodiment, using a different configuration of water sources and/orheat exchangers, e.g., any water and/or other fluid source 1521 may beused to cool a thermal process or fluid, and/or to capture heat from anyfluid, source and/or process, and then to transfer heat to thebiomass/water slurry 1504, and/or BGM 1218, 110, 212, 402 via heatexchange or any other method known to those of skill in the art, and/orthe recovered heat may be used in any other process where heat may bebeneficial e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 2), comprising in an embodiment,cogeneration to produce cooling, also to be used in the Plan, system, ordesign e.g., FIG. 2. In thermal plant thermal processes where air may beused in firing a boiler or to cool the working fluid, heat recoverymodule #1 (FIG. 15A) and/or heat recovery module #2 (FIG. 15B) using aheat exchanger (e.g. 1506 and/or 1520) may be used to transfer heat fromthe air to the biomass/water slurry, e.g., FIG. 7A and/or FIG. 7B. In anembodiment, any number or sequence of either of the heat transfermodules #1 or #2 shown in FIGS. 15A or 15B (1500A or 1500B) or any otherheat transfer process may be used in any thermal process to transferheat in specific manners beneficial to the Plan. For example, a heatexchanger of either type in FIG. 15A or 15B 1506, 1520 may be used as afirst step in cooling a working fluid at high heat to transfer heat in aheat exchange for high heat uses, such as biomass refining, and/or anynumber of subsequent uses of either heat transfer module 15A or 15B oranother method may be used subsequently e.g., to further cool theworking fluid, and to transfer, for example, lower levels of heat to thePlan for lower heat applications, such as heating the BGM 110/212/402 orany of its components to an optimal temperature, to a storage module forlater use of heat e.g., in the Plan and/or for other uses e.g., FIG. 2.

In reference to FIG. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16-18, an embodiment of thedisclosure includes a system for heat transfer comprising a heattransfer module 1500A, 1500B configured to transfer heat from a thermalprocess to a system module and/or a treated biomass/water slurry 1504,for example, FIG. 15A.

In reference to FIG. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16-18, an embodiment of thedisclosure includes a system for heat transfer comprising a heattransfer module 1500A, 1500B configured to transfer heat from a thermalprocess to a system module by a heat exchanger 1506, 1520 in the Plan,for example FIG. 15A or 15B.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heat transfer module1500A, 1500B configuration comprises the biomass/water slurry, e.g., thetreated biomass/water slurry, 1504 in operative communication with theheat exchanger 1506, for example FIG. 15A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biomass/water slurry,e.g., the treated biomass/water slurry 1504, is converted in whole or inpart into a biocrude 1508 and/or a biofuel 1508 in the heat transfermodule 1500A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heat exchanger 1506comprises an outflow comprising in liquid and/or gaseous state: hotbiomass 1508; hot biocrude 1508; hot biofuels 1508; and/or water1508/steam 1508.

An embodiment includes the system wherein additional heat is provided tothe heat transfer module 1500A by a separate heat source.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the separate heat source is aburner.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the outflow 1508 is directedto another one or more heat exchange processes 1507.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the outflow 1508 is directedto: a refinery module 1514; a BPP module 1514; a BGM 110/212/402; and/ora separation module 1510.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the separation module 1510comprises outputs optionally comprising: a hot biomass and/or biofueland water slurry 1512; a hot biocrude and/or biofuel (gaseous and/orliquid) 1513; and/or hot water and/or steam separated from biomassand/or biofuel 1516.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot biomass and/or biofueland water slurry 1512 and/or the hot biocrude and/or biofuel (gaseousand/or liquid) 1513 are directed to a refinery module 1514 and/or a BPPmodule 1514.

An embodiment includes the system wherein an outflow 1515 from therefinery module 1514 and/or the BPP module 1514 are optionally directedto modules for the recovery and reuse of heat 1518, for example FIG. 2,water 1518, for example FIG. 3, and/or pressure 1518, for example FIG.23.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot water and/or steamseparated from biomass and/or biofuel 1516 is optionally directed tomodules for the recovery and reuse of heat 1518, for example FIG. 2,water 1518, for example FIG. 3, and/or pressure 1518, for example FIG.23.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the outflow 1508 comprisinghot biomass, biocrude, biofuels, and/or water (liquid or gaseous) isdirected to a BGM 110/212/402.

An embodiment includes the system configured such that a fluid 1521optionally comprising any fluid source, if water, for example, FIG. 3 isdelivered to the heat exchanger 1520 via an optional pump 1502, forexample, FIG. 15B.

An embodiment includes the system wherein water 1521 in the Plan forexample FIG. 3, is used as a fluid for heat transfer, for example FIG.15B.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heat exchanger 1520 has anoutflow of heated fluid 1522.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the heated fluid 1522 isdirected for use in the Plan or to modules for the optional recovery andreuse in the Plan of heat 1524, for example FIG. 2, water 1524, forexample FIG. 3, fluid 1524 and/or pressure 1524, for example FIG. 23.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of the heatedfluid 1522 is directed to the BGM 110/212/402 for use in whole or inpart as the BGM feedwater.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the modules 1524 areconfigured to produce a reclaimed fluid output 1523, 1525.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of the reclaimedfluid 1523 is directed to the BGM 110/212/402 for use in whole or inpart as the BGM feedwater.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of the reclaimedfluid 1525 is directed to a container 1220 for transferring heat in thePlan, for example, FIG. 12c , FIG. 2.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the container 1220 fortransferring heat in the Plan, for example, FIG. 12c , FIG. 2 isconfigured to be in contact with a BGM 1218, 110/212/402.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any of the heat exchangers1506, 1507, 1520 in any one or more of these systems is configured tocool one or more thermal processes and receives heat therefrom.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a thermal process is athermodynamic process.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a thermodynamic process is athermodynamic cycle.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a thermodynamic cycle is aRankine

Cycle 1600, for example, FIG. 16.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermodynamic cycle is aSimple Cycle 1700, for example, FIG. 17.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermodynamic cycle is aCombined Cycle 1800, for example, FIG. 18.

In reference to FIG. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16-18, an embodiment of thedisclosure includes a method of transferring heat to a component ormodule comprising providing the system 1500A, 1500B, 1600, 1700, 1800and generating heat, transferring the heat to a heat transfer module1500A, 1500B, 1600, 1700, 1800 and transferring the heat to a systemmodule and/or a treated biomass/water slurry 1504.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the heat transfer module1500A, 1600, 1700, 1800 comprises an outflow comprising in liquid and/orgaseous state: hot biomass 1508 1512; hot biocrude 1508, 1513; hotbiofuels 1508, 1512, 1513, 1516; and/or water 1508, 1512, 1516/steam1508, 1512, 1516.

In reference to FIG. 15A and 15B, and FIGS. 16-18, an embodiment of thedisclosure includes a method of transferring heat to a component ormodule comprising providing the system 1500A, 1500B, 1600, 1700, 1800and generating heat in a thermal process transferring the heat to a heatexchanger 1506, 1507, 1520 and transferring the heat to the systemcomponent or module, e.g., a BGM 110/212/402, 1218.

Processes described in FIG. 15A and/or FIG. 15B may be utilized at oneor more points in a Rankine Cycle. In a specific embodiment 1600 andwith respect to FIG. 16, the system of 1500A and/or 1500B may beintegrated into a Rankine Cycle. Optional pump 1622 sends a biomasswater slurry, e.g., a treated biomass/water slurry 1624 through heatexchanger 1636 wherein the now hot biomass water mixture 1620 may besubmitted to another heat exchange process 1636 (not necessarily thesame one), and/or a BGM 110, 212, 402 and/or to an optional separationmodule 1606, and/or directly to a refinery and/or BPP 1604. Hot waterand/or steam from separation module 1612 may be returned for direct usee.g., in the Plan or for indirect use in Plan through heat recovery,fluid recovery and/or pressure recovery unit 1632. In a second process,pump 1628 pumps any fluid source 1630 used through heat exchanger 1634and heated fluid 1626 returned for direct use e.g., in the Plan and/orfor indirect use in Plan through heat recovery, fluid recovery and/orpressure recovery unit 1632. Heat exchangers 1634 and 1636 may beinterfaced with a boiler/pump/turbine system. For example, boiler 1602heats water to steam 1614 that drives turbine 1616. The outputwater/steam 1618 downstream from turbine 1616 may be processed throughheat exchangers 1634 and 1636. Recovery pump 1638 transfers recoveredwater to boiler 1602. Odor control module 1642 (e.g., 1300) optionallyfeeds air to the boiler burners and exhaust gases 1640 may be fed toexhaust gas recovery modules, e.g., 700 and/or 700A in FIGS. 7A and 7B.Separation module 1606 sends hot biomass, biocrude, and/or biofuel andwater 1608 and/or hot biocrude and/or biofuel in gaseous and/or liquidform 1610 to refinery and/or BPP 1604. In an embodiment, the processdescribed above e.g., 1600 and any number or combination of the modules1500A and/or 1500B may be used in the standard Rankine Cycle or in anyvariation of the Rankine Cycle, comprising the Rankine Cycle withReheat, the Regeneration Rankine Cycle (with either open or closedfeedwater heater), the Supercritical Fluid Rankine Cycle, the OrganicRankine Cycle, and any other variation of the Rankine Cycle, wherecooling may be needed anywhere in the cycle, with one likely use of theprocess being the condensing stage of the cycle.

In an embodiment 1700, and with respect to FIG. 17, the system of 1500Aand/or 1500B may be integrated into a Simple Cycle. In this embodiment,pump 1728 supplies treated biomass water slurry 1730 to heat exchanger1711. Hot biomass, biocrude and/or biofuel and water mixture 1708 may bethen sent to another heat exchange process 1711 (not necessarily thesame one), and/or either directly to a refinery 1738, and/or a BPP 1738,and/or to a BGM 110, 212, 402 and/or to an optional separation module1732. Separation module 1732 provides a hot biomass, biocrude and/orbiofuel and water mixture 1740 and/or a hot biocrude and/or biofuelmixture 1736 to refinery and/or BPP 1738 for further processing. Hotwater and/or steam 1734 may be transferred from separation module 1732for direct use e.g., in the Plan and/or for indirect use in Plan throughheat recovery, fluid recovery and/or pressure recovery 1726. Fuel 1702,e.g., a biofuel prepared and/or separated from a biomass growth module212, may be burned in combustion chamber 1704 with compressed air 1709emerging from compressor 1712. Exhaust gases 1706 drive gas turbine 1710and then 1706 may be fed to heat exchanger 1711 and then optionally toheat exchanger 1716. Cooled exhaust gases 1718 may be then recoveredand/or processed by a recovery module, e.g., 700 or 700A. Heat exchanger1716 may be supplied any fluid 1720 optionally by pump 1722 and heatedfluid 1724 returned to recovery unit 1726. Air supplied to compressor1712 may be optionally supplied from odor control module 1714, e.g.1300. In an embodiment, following these heat exchange processes, theexhaust gases from the simple cycle, combined cycle (See below, 1800),and/or other thermal processes producing exhaust gases may be sent tothe exhaust gas recovery module (FIGS. 7A or 7B) for recovery ofadditional heat, treatment to remove pollutants, and use of carbondioxide and the other processes in this system, and/or othertreatment/pollution control method(s).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., those embodiments of FIGS. 15A, 15B,16, 17, and/or 18, notwithstanding the concentration of biofuel in thebiomass, a biomass/water slurry is transferred, to thermal plant to beused as a cooling fluid. A biomass/water slurry may pass through a heatexchanger to provide cooling for a thermal power plant, e.g., thecooling/condensation stage of a thermodynamic cycle (e.g., Rankinecycle, other), and/or other process steps where cooling water is neededin any thermal plant. Optionally, thermal plant waste heat may betransferred to the biomass/water slurry using a different configurationof water sources and/or heat exchangers, e.g., any water and/or otherfluid source may be used to cool the thermal plant, and/or to transferheat to the biomass/water slurry via heat exchange and/or any othermethod.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,thermal plant waste heat is used to refine the TBW slurry, and/or toelevate its temperature to reduce the amount of heat needed for HTPand/or other refining processes. Depending on the operating temperatureand/or pressure reached in the heat exchanger, some or all of thebiomass contained in the heated TBW slurry may be converted to biocrudeand possibly other biofuels in situ (that is, while being conveyedthrough this process) via HTP and/or another mechanism.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,depending on the amount of heat needed for HTP or HTP preheating, ifused, and/or other processes and/or project parameters, such as thetype, size, and/or operating temperature of thermal plant working fluidin use, the volume of water available from the TBW slurry and/or othersources in the Plan, and/or the amount of cooling needed in the thermalplant to achieve a complete condensation step in any thermodynamiccycle, only one or more than one heat exchange process using either theTBW slurry and/or any other fluid source may be used cool the thermalplant and/or to transfer thermal plant waste heat to the Plan, and inany sequence. For example, a heat exchanger containing the TBW slurrymay be used first in the condensation step of a thermodynamic cycle,and/or another heat exchanger containing another fluid source may beused second, and another heat exchanger using a third fluid source maybe used as a third step in cooling the working fluid and/or transferringheat to the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, an initial heat exchange process, due to thehigher temperatures attainable, may be used to provide heat for hightemperature HTP of the TBW slurry, where a second or third heat exchangeprocess may be needed to further reduce the temperature of the workingfluid to complete the condensation stage of a thermodynamic cycle. In anembodiment, the waste heat from a second or third heat exchange processmay be directed to lower heat applications in the Plan, such as heatingthe BGM, cellulosic ethanol, and/or to processes where any amount ofheating/preheating is desirable, such as desalination. In an embodiment,any residual heat after other processes in the Plan requiring heat havebeen supplied, may be directed toward desalination. Alternately, onlyone or more than two different heat exchange processes using either typeof cooling fluid may be used, depending on design considerations, e.g.,whether it is preferable to perform HTP or another process in situ, orat the refinery. In an embodiment, the TBW Slurry and/or any other fluidsource may be heated progressively also in two or more heat exchangersalso where beneficial, for example, where it may be beneficial to moregradually heat the TBW slurry to avoid problems in the system such asbiofouling. In this embodiment, for example, the TBW slurry at ambienttemperature may be directed to one heat exchange process which raisesits temperature to a certain point (e.g., 120 degrees C.), and then maybe directed to another heat exchange process to further elevate itstemperature to 350 degrees C., for example, or another temperaturebeneficial to the preheating for or performance of HTP. Likewise, anyother fluid source in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 15B) may also be routedthrough two or more heat exchangers in the design (comprising step 1520)before use in the Plan/Recovery 1524 in order to optimize engineeringconsiderations, and/or to provide the optimal quantity and/ortemperature of heated fluid for any application in the Plan. These heatexchange processes may occur in the same thermal process, thermodynamiccycle, in different thermal plant technologies, and/or in any otherprocess where heat maybe either generated and/or reclaimed. In anembodiment, all needs for heat and/or cogenerated cooling (which isgenerated by heat) in the Plan may be considered, and heat/waste heat ofdifferent temperatures may be prioritized and budgeted for all needs forheat and/or cooling within the Plan, with some or all of the heat beingsupplied by any heat exchange process in the condensation stage of athermodynamic cycle, by any other any thermal process in the thermalplant, comprising possibly primary process heat, and/or by heat and/orreclaimed heat from any heat source(s) in the Plan (See FIG. 2). In anembodiment, the need for heat in all processes may also be planned inaccordance with the need for cooling of all thermal plant technologies,such that adequate cooling is provided, and any leftover heat after allother processes requiring heat have been heated, may be directed to thedesalination plant, if present in the Plan, and/or possibly todischarge.

In an embodiment e.g., FIGS. 2, 15A and/or 15B, additional heat,optionally thermal plant primary process heat and/or heat from adifferent source (e.g., a dedicated burner) may be applied at any stageof the process depicted in FIG. 15A where it is beneficial.

With reference to FIG. 18, and in embodiment 1800, the system of 1500Aand and/or 1500B may be integrated into a Combined Cycle. In Gas Cycle1701, fuel 1702, e.g., a biofuel prepared and/or separated from abiomass growth module 212, may be burned in combustion chamber 1704 withcompressed air 1709 emerging from compressor 1712. Exhaust gases 1706drive gas turbine 1710 and then 1706 may be fed to heat exchanger 1711and then optionally to heat exchanger #2 1716. Air supplied tocompressor 1712 may be optionally supplied from odor control module 1714e.g., 1300. Gases emerging from heat exchanger 1711 may be fed tooptional heat exchanger 1716. Cooled exhaust gases 1718 may be thenrecovered and/or processed by a recovery module, e.g., 700 or 700A. In aSteam Cycle 1801, pump 1812 drives water through heat exchanger 1711 andresulting steam 1802 drives turbine 1804. Recovered steam and water maybe optionally processed through heat exchanger #3 1806 then condenserheat exchanger #4 1808, and water 1811 returned to pump 1812. Pump 1814supplies heat exchanger 1806 with a treated biomass/water slurry 1816and hot biomass, biocrude and/or biofuel and water mixture 1818 thatemerges from exchanger 1806 as may be then sent either to another heatexchange process 1806 (not necessarily the same one), and/or directly toa refinery and/or BPP 1826, and/or to a BGM 110, 212, 402 and/or to anoptional separation module 1732. Hot biomass and/or biofuel and watermixture 1820 and/or a hot biocrude and/or biofuel mixture 1822 may besent to refinery and/or BPP 1826. Hot water and/or steam 1824 may besent from separation module 1732 for direct use e.g., in the Plan and/orfor indirect use in Plan through heat recovery, fluid recovery and/orpressure recovery unit 1726. Optional heat exchanger 1716 may besupplied any fluid 1720 by pump 1722 and heated fluid returned torecovery unit 1726. Optional heat exchanger 1808 may be supplied anyfluid 1813 by pump 1810 and heated fluid returned to recovery unit 1726.

Heat or cooling either generated or recovered from any process, asdescribed in the present disclosure may be transferred within the Planin any manner known to those in the art. FIGS. 12A-12E illustrate somenon-limiting embodiments.

In an embodiment, with respect to FIG. 12A, heated fluid 1208, e.g.,which may be heated water source from a thermal plant and/or otherheat-intensive technology, may be routed to heat exchanger 1200. Coolfluid, e.g., water and a biomass 1202, may be separately transferred toheat exchanger 1200. Heat from heated fluid 1208 may be transferred tocool fluid 1202, such that after heat exchange cooled fluid 1204 andheated fluid 1206 emerge from the heat exchanger 1200.

With respect to FIG. 12B, heated fluid 1216, may be transferred to unit1212, e.g., a BGM, and processed, whereupon the heat may be transferredto module 1210, whereupon the heat and fluid may be recovered 1210.Another fluid, e.g., a heated fluid from a thermal plant 1214, maysupply heat, cooling, nutrients, acidity, alkalinity, and/or any otherelement to module 1212. For example, if heated fluid 1216 may be too hotfor process 1212, other fluid may be used to regulate temperature. Ifother elements may be involved in this process (e.g., biomass), thoseelements may be provided and/or processed e.g., as described herein.

With respect to FIG. 12C, heated fluid (e.g., water) 1216 may betransferred to module 1220. Module 1220 may comprise another module 1218that requires heat input for functioning. After heat transfer, fluid maybe transferred to module 1222 whereupon the heat and fluid from theheated fluid 1216 may be recovered.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 3, 6, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture, and/or transfer, a BGMand/or its components, and/or water transfer, a BGM, a BGU, a BGUsubunit and/or any other BGU component may be fully or partiallyimmersed in a pool, other container, water body (e.g., a pond, lake orstream) fed by a water supply, e.g., from onsite and/or offsite, used toprovide cooling, or alternatively, to capture waste heat from a thermalplant, and to supply heat, wherein the BGM temperature may be regulatedby contact with heated and/or cool water supply. Heated and/or cooledair or other fluid e.g., from the thermal plant and/or other modules maybe used to fill containers which may be configured to come in contactwith or partially or fully surround the BGM, a BGU, or any of itscomponents in order to transfer heat and/or cooling. Heat and/or coolingmay be supplied 234 by offsite sources 228 optionally comprising a watersupply provided by offsite water source(s) comprising a fresh watersource, 302, water intake for salt water 314, and/or other sources ofheat and/or cooling e.g., in gaseous and/or liquid form originatingoffsite.

With respect to FIG. 12D, a heated fluid, e.g., water 1224, may betransferred to a heat storage unit 1226. Heat storage unit 1226optionally receives another heated fluid. Upon receiving the need, heatstorage unit 1226 transfers heat to another module 1227 and any excessheat and/or fluid may be transferred to module 1228. The same processmay be used where cooling takes the place of heat in the process inorder to store and/or transfer cooling. This process may be usedanywhere e.g., in the Plan where heat and/or cooling may be present,e.g., to manage and/or regulate the flow of heat cooling and/or fluidsto any process.

With respect to FIG. 12E, heated fluid 1232, e.g., water used to cool athermal plant, may be transferred to a cogenerated cooling technologymodule 1234. The cooled fluid may be used and/or reused in module 1236.

In an embodiment, with respect to FIGS. 12B, 12C, and 12D, cooling maybe substituted for heat wherever heat or “heated” may be noted, andcooling may take the place of heating to reverse the processes depicted.

With respect to FIG. 19, in an embodiment, a treated biomass/waterslurry 1910 may be pumped to a first section of a boiler designed withtwo sections 1922. Application of heat 1924 causes partial or fullin-situ HTP and/or other refining and/or separation into 3 layers: 1.)light oil possibly mixed with biomass; 2.) water; and optionally 3.)heavy oil possibly mixed with biomass and residuals. Drains removematerials from each of the three layers 1927 at controlled rates, whichmay be then sent to a refinery and/or BPP 1929. All outflows from therefinery and/or BPP 1925 may be routed for heat recovery, waterrecovery, and/or pressure recovery 1930. The boiler 1922, has aselective filtering division 2010 which allows water and possibly othersmall molecules, such as ethanol, to pass through from the first sectionto the second section (represented here as an inner section). Anoptional stirring/agitation device may be provided in the first sectionto unclog the selectively permeable layer 2003. Water and possibly othersmall molecules which pass from the first section to the second section,possibly combined with another water source pumped to second section,may be converted to steam and trace biomass, biocrude and/or biocrude1902, and the resulting pressure drives turbine 1904. Resulting mixturecomprising optionally steam, hot biomass, biocrude, biofuel, and/orwater or a portion thereof (e.g. vapor) 1906 may be optionally thencooled with heat being recovered and used in Plan 1916 in condenser1918. A cooled biofuel and water mixture 1912 may be then sent torefinery 1908. Alternatively, or together, mixture 1906 may be sentdirectly to refinery 1908 upon departure from turbine 1904. All outflows1925 from the refinery and/or BPP 1908 may be routed for heat recovery,water recovery, and/or pressure recovery 1930. Air may be optionally fedto burner 1924 from odor control air module 1928 (e.g., 1300). Exhaustgas 1926 may be optionally captured in an exhaust gas recovery module700 or 700A (e.g., with reference to FIG. 7 or 7A). Boiler 1922 maycomprise one or more embodiments or designs to accommodate processing awater/biomass/biofuel slurry. For example, with respect to FIG. 20A,boiler 1922 comprises a first section wall 2002 and a second sectionwall 2020. The annular space between first section wall 2002 and secondsection wall 2002 may be configured to contain a multi-layercomposition, e.g., a light oil biomass layer 2006 with a density lessthan the density of water, a water layer 2012, and a heavy-oil biomassand residuals layer 2009 with a density greater than the density ofwater. A selective filtering division allows water and possibly othersmall molecules to pass from first section to second section 2010. Anoptional stirring/agitation device may be provided in the first sectionto unclog the selectively permeable layer 2003. An optional stationaryor movable lid may be provided to prevent evaporation of biofuels fromthe first section and splashing from first section to second section2004. An entry port 2008 feeds a treated biomass/water slurry (TBWslurry) to the annular space. An optional drain may be provided to drainthe second section 2021. The flow rate of the TBW slurry may be managedusing flow controls. As the TBW slurry may be provided, drains 2018,2016 and 2014, may be configured to provide a managed feed of the threelayers out of the annular space. An additional optional inlet may beprovided to provide additional flow of water to second boiler section asnecessary 2019. The configuration of the boiler, comprising the firstand/or second section shapes, may be modified in order to optimize anyor all of the processes conducted in the boiler, comprising HTP of thebiomass contained in the TBW slurry, vaporization of water, and/or therates at which these processes occur.

In reference to FIGS. 19-20, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1900 configured to use a treated biomass/water slurry 1910 as athermodynamic process working fluid.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising a boiler 1922comprising a first 2002 and second 2020 section wherein the first andsecond regions are adapted to process the slurry 1910.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the first section of theboiler 2002 is configured to receive the slurry 1910.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising a selectivefiltering division 2010 positioned between the first 2002 and second2020 sections.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the filtering division 2010 isconfigured to permit water to pass from the first section 2002 to thesecond section 2020.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the filtering division 2010 isconfigured to permit small molecules to pass from the first section 2002to the second section 2020.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the small molecules have anaverage molecular weight of from 18 g/mol to 46 g/mol.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising a burner or otherheat source 1924 configured to heat the first section 2002 and/or thesecond section 2020.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the burner or other heatsource 1924 is configured to receive an air supply from an airtreatment/odor control system 1928, e.g., FIG. 13, 1300 for the Plan.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the burner or other heatsource 1924 is configured to send exhaust gas 1926 to an exhaust gasrecovery system 700, 700A, e.g. FIG. 7A or 7B for the Plan.

An embodiment includes the system configured to separate the treatedbiomass water slurry 1910 into one or more layers in the boiler 1922.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a layer comprises water 2012,light oil/biomass 2006, heavy oil/biomass 2009 and/or residuals 2009.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the boiler 1922 comprises adrain 2018 in communication with the first section 2002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the boiler 1922 comprises asecond drain 2016 in communication with the first section 2002 andpositioned below the first drain 2018.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the boiler 1922 comprises athird drain 2014 in communication with the first section 2002 andpositioned below the second drain 2016.

An embodiment includes the system wherein water 2012 is below the firstdrain 2018.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the second drain 2016 is incommunication with water 2012.

An embodiment includes the system further configured to drain the lightoil/biomass layer 2006 and/or the optional heavy oil/biomass layer 2009and/or residuals 2009 and/or optionally water 2012, and a remainingwater layer transferred to the second section 2020 and/or drained 2021.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the second section 2020 isconfigured to vaporize the water 2012 and/or the small moleculesoptionally comprising steam 1902, and optionally trace biomass,biocrude, and/or biofuel 1902.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the vaporized water and/orsmall molecules 1902 are directed to drive a turbine 1904 to provide adownstream fluid optionally comprising steam 1906, water 1906, andoptionally small molecules comprising biomass, biocrude, and/or biofuel1906.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the downstream fluid 1906 issent to a refinery module 1908; a BPP module 1908; and/or an optionalcondensing unit 1918, which partially separates biofuel and water 1912and recovers heat 1914, 1916 to the Plan, for example, FIG. 2.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the partially separatedbiofuel and water 1912 are sent to the refinery module 1908 and/or BPPmodule 1908.

An embodiment includes the system further configured to transfer thelight oil/biomass layer 1927 and/or the optional heavy oilbiomass/residuals layers 1927 and optionally water 1927 to a refinerymodule 1929 and/or BPP module 1929.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising one or moreoutflows 1925 from the refinery module 1929 and/or BPP 1929.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the one or more outflows 1925are optionally directed to modules for the recovery and reuse in thePlan of heat 1930, e.g., FIG. 2, water 1930, e.g., FIG. 3, and/orpressure 1930, e.g., FIG. 23.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the first 2002 and/or second2020 boiler section comprises a cross-sectional shape selected from: acylinder; an elliptical cylinder; an elliptical cylinder with a longerhalf ellipse on one side and a shorter half ellipse on the oppositeside; and/or any vertical cross section of the above shapes wherein theyare divided to comprise both boiler sections 2002, 2020.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the boiler 1922 comprises oneor more of the following features: a treated biomass/water slurry entrypoint 2008; an optional lid 2004, which may be movable or stationary; alight oil/biomass drain 2018; a heavy oil/biomass drain 2014; a waterlayer drain 2016; an optional drain on the bottom of the second section2021; a lip on the top of the second section 2020 that extends above thefirst section 2002; an optional inlet 2019 to the second section 2020for additional water supply to the second section 2020 of the boiler1922; one or more agitation devices 2003 in the first section 2002 tostir the water 2012 in order to unclog the selective filtering division2010 (e.g., remove biomass oil or other materials from the selectivefiltering division 2010); and/or aside from the features depicted, theboiler may also make use of any other accessories used in boilers thatare known to those skilled in the art including but not limited tooptionally: pressure controls, safety valves, water level indicators,sight glass, water gauge or water column, bottom blowdown valves,continuous blowdown valves, flash tanks, automatic blowdown/continuousheat recovery system, hand holes, steam drum internals, low-watercutoffs, surface blowdown line, circulating pump, feedwater check valve,clack valve, top feed, desuperheater tubes or bundles, and/or chemicalinjection lines.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the steam system 1902, 1904used with the boiler may also optionally make use of steam systemaccessories known to those in the art.

In reference to FIGS. 19-20, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod for transferring heat from a boiler 1922 within the system 1900to a module, unit, or subunit in the system comprising providing atreated biomass/water slurry 1910, heating the slurry 1910 in the boiler1922 to provide a working fluid, and transferring the working fluid tothe module, unit or subunit in the system.

The thermal plant may provide heat and/or cooling (e.g., cogeneratedcooling) for biomass and/or biofuel refining by HTP and/or other biomassand/or biofuel processing methods, as shown in FIG. 1, represented bythe arrows labeled as “Heat and/or Cooling” exiting the thermal plantand entering the boxes “Refinery”, and “BPP (Downstream Processing)”,and/or for other processes e.g., FIGS. 1 and/or 2.

In an embodiment, FIG. 11 shows different examples as to how thermalplant heat may be provided for these processes using flows of differentfluid streams into and/or out of the thermal plant. With reference toFIG. 11, 1100, some possible relevant inflows into the thermal plant1002 may be shown (not all inflows): a treated biomass/water slurry 1140from a BGM 1110 after optional processing steps e.g., FIG. 1, 100,biofuels 1138 optionally processed after generation in the BGM 1110,water 1136 from any water source e.g., in the Plan 1106, air 1139optionally from air treatment/odor control module 1102, 1300, otherfluids 1134 from any source 1132, biogas 1164 from a gasification module1118, biocrude and/or other biofuels 1152 from a refinery and/or BPP1124, and/or other fuels 1128 from any source 1101, optionallycomprising waste, biomass, and sources in FIG. 10, 1000. Any or all ofthese inputs may be used in the thermal plant 1002, and the water and/orair or other fluid inputs may be used to cool the thermal plant 1002,and in the process, capture heat from the thermal plant 1002. FIG. 11shows some possible outflows of the thermal plant 1002 (not alloutflows) once these substances may be heated, comprising heat and/orcooling for downstream processing 1168, a hot biomass and/orbiofuel/water slurry 1150, hot biocrude and/or biofuel 1148, hot waterand/or steam separated from biomass and/or biofuel 1146, hot waterand/or steam from any water source in the design and/or unheatedwastewater 1144, heat from any other source 1142, which may compriseheat captured by combusted air if used in a Thermal Process (e.g., 700or 700A), air and/or any other fluid used in a heat exchanger and/orother heat transfer process, comprising organic compounds used in anorganic Rankine cycle 1142, and heat in any form and/or cogeneratedcooling 1168. The hot biomass and/or biofuel/water slurry 1150 and/orhot biocrude and/or biofuel 1148 streams, may be then directed to aRefinery and/or BPP for HTP and/or other extraction and/or separationand/or processing methods 1124. Additional possible inputs to theseprocesses may be shown, comprising optional pressure 1158 and optionallyadditional heat 1157. Outflows of these processes comprise hot biocrude,biofuels and/or biomass 1160, and water, pressure, heat, cooling, gases,and solvent(s) which may be recovered 1126. Hot biocrude and/or biofuelsand/or biomass 1160 produced in the Refinery and/or BPP 1124, from whichheat may be recovered 1120, may then be directed back to the thermalplant as fuels 1152, and/or to a BBPP (for bottling/packaging) 1116.Water, heat, pressure, gases, solvent(s), and/or cooling from theseprocesses 1156 may be recovered 1126 for reuse e.g., in the Plan e.g.,FIG. 2 (heat and/or cogenerated cooling), FIG. 3 (water), and FIG. 23(pressure). Additionally, any portion of the aforementioned thermalplant outflows may be sent to a gasification module 1118 to producebiogas 1164. The biogas may be directed to the thermal plant 1002 as afuel, with any residuals 1162 being directed to the BGM and/or other usee.g., in the Plan, e.g., as described herein 1122. The following thermalplant discharges: hot water and/or steam separated from biomass and/orbiofuel 1146, and hot water and/or steam and/or unheated wastewater fromany water source e.g., in the Plan 1144, heat from any other source 1142and/or water, steam, heat, pressure, gases, cooling, and/or solventsreclaimed from the Refinery and/or BPP 1124A, 1126, 1112 may be used toprovide the following resources to the Plan: heat/cogenerated coolinge.g., FIG. 2, water (FIG. 3), gases, comprising carbon dioxide (FIG. 4),solvents, and pressure recovery e.g., as described herein and/or e.g.,FIG. 23. These resources may be directed to the refinery and/or BPP1124, and/or elsewhere e.g., in the Plan as needed. Heat in any formand/or cogenerated cooling 1168 may be directed to a BPP 1124 fordownstream processing of biomass, which may take place at the BPP 1124to assist in processes there. Biomass products 1166 derived from the BPPprocesses may be directed for Bottling/Packaging at the BBPP 1116, aswell as part or all of the biocrude and/or other biofuels and/or biomassfrom the refinery after optional heat recovery 1120. Biomass/residualsfrom the Refinery/BPP 1124 may be directed 1119 to the GasificationModule (Optional) 1118, and/or 1121 to the BGM and/or Other Use e.g., inthe Plan 1122. Heat and/or cooling, water, steam, carbon dioxide and/orother gases, and/or solvents from BPP processes may be recovered forreuse e.g., in the Plan 1112, 1126 e.g., FIGS. 2, 3, and/or 4(Heat/cooling, water, and/or carbon dioxide). All of the flows shown inFIG. 11, and throughout this disclosure may be optional managed flows,and all flows may not be used in all embodiments.

In reference to FIG. 11, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem configured to provide resources to and/or receive resources froma thermal plant module comprising flows to and/or from a thermal plantmodule 1002 wherein the flows are selected from: a treated biomass/waterslurry 1140; biofuel 1138, 1152; biogas 1164; biocrude 1152; biomass1101; waste 1101; other fuels 1128; air 1139; water 1136; anhydrousfluid(s) 1132, 1134; mixture of water and anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134,1136; a hot biomass and/or biofuel/water slurry 1150; hot biocrudeand/or biofuel 1148; hot water or steam separated from biomass and/orbiofuel 1146; hot water and/or steam from any water source in the Plan,for example, FIG. 3 1144; unheated wastewater 1144; and/or heat and/orcooling 1142, 1168 from any one or more of: a treated biomass/waterslurry 1140; biofuel 1138, 1152; biogas 1164; biocrude 1152; biomass1101; waste 1101; other fuels 1128; air 1139; water 1136; anhydrousfluid(s) 1132, 1134; mixture of water and anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134,1136; a hot biomass and/or biofuel/water slurry 1150; hot biocrudeand/or biofuel 1148; hot water or steam separated from biomass and/orbiofuel 1146; hot water and/or steam from any water source in the Plan,for example, FIG. 3 1144; unheated wastewater 1144; and/or any othersource in the Plan, for example, FIG. 7A or 7B.

An embodiment includes the system wherein optionally a portion of thebiofuel comes from a BGM outflow fluid that is optionally processed(termed a “treated biomass/water slurry”) 1140.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM outflow fluid 1140 isthe product of processing which optionally comprises: tertiary treatment1110, 114; gravity thickener process and/or other methods known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art (for example, author Shelef, et. al,1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.) to concentrate/separatebiomass and water 1110, 118; dilution 1110, 118; treatment in a refineryand/or BPP module 1110, 120; and/or treatment in a heat recovery module1110, 135.

An embodiment includes the system wherein optionally a portion of thetreated biomass/water slurry 1140 is directed to a refinery and/or BPPmodule 1124A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein biomass products and/orbiofuels 1166 are sent from the refinery and/or BPP module 1124A to aBBPP module 1116.

An embodiment includes the system wherein heat and/or cooling 1112, forexample, FIG. 2, water 1112, for example, FIG. 3, steam 1112, forexample, FIG. 3, gases 1112, e.g. CO2, for example, FIG. 4, pressure1112, for example, FIG. 23, and/or solvent(s) 1112 are recovered for usein the Plan from the refinery and/or BPP module 1124A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein heat and/or cooling 1168 fromthe thermal plant module 1002 are optionally provided to the refineryand/or BPP module 1124A.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot biomass and/orbiofuel/water slurry 1150 is processed in a refinery and/or BPP module1124.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot biocrude and/orbiofuel 1148 are processed in the refinery and/or BPP module 1124.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery and/or BPP module1124 generates an output of: biomass 1119; residuals 1119; hot biomass,biocrude and/or other biofuels 1160; water 1156; steam 1156; heat and/orcooling 1156; pressure 1156; gases 1156; and/or solvent(s) 1156.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot biomass, biocrudeand/or other biofuels 1160 are sent to an optional heat recovery module1120.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the hot biomass, biocrudeand/or other biofuels 1160 optionally processed in the heat recoverymodule 1120, wherein the biocrude and/or other biofuels 1150 areprovided to the thermal plant module 1002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein optionally biomass 1119 and/orresiduals 1119 are sent from the refinery and/or BPP module 1124 to agasification module 1118, and/or are sent to and/or received from 1121 aBGM 1122.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the gasification module 1118generates biogas 1164 and/or residuals 1162 from a CHG module, and/or ananaerobic digestion module.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas 1164 is provided tothe thermal plant module 1002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the residuals 1162 are sent toa BGM 1122 or for other use in the Plan 1122.

An embodiment includes the system wherein optional additional heatand/or cooling 1157 is provided to the refinery and/or BPP module 1124.“Additional heat” may comprise the portion of heat needed to complete arefining or BPP process which is not supplied by the Thermal Plant.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the optional additional heatand/or cooling 1157 is provided by the thermal plant module 1002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein additional pressure optionallyfrom the Plan (e.g., FIG. 23) 1158 is provided to the refinery and/orBPP module 1124.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising optionallyrecovered 1126 for use in the Plan: heat and/or cooling, for example,FIG. 2; pressure, for example, FIG. 23; water, for example, FIG. 3;steam, for example, FIG. 3; and/or gases, e.g. CO2, for example, Fig. 4,1142, 1144, 1146 from the thermal plant module 1002; and/or heat and/orcooling 1156, for example, FIG. 2; pressure 1156, for example, FIG. 23;solvent(s) 1156, gases 1156, e.g. CO2, for example, Fig. 4; water 1156,for example, FIG. 3; and/or steam 1156, for example, FIG. 3 from therefinery and/or BPP module 1124.

An embodiment includes the system wherein recovered 1126 for use in thePlan: heat and/or cooling 1154, for example, FIG. 2; pressure 1154, forexample, FIG. 23; water 1154, for example, FIG. 3; steam 1154, forexample, FIG. 3; gases 1154, e.g. CO2, for example, Fig. 4; and/orsolvent(s) 1154 are provided to the refinery and/or BPP module 1124.

In reference to FIG. 11, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of providing resources to and receiving resources from thethermal plant module 1002 comprising providing the system 1100 with oneor more flows of: a treated biomass/water slurry 1140; biofuel 1138,1152; biogas 1164; biocrude 1152; biomass 1101, 1128; waste 1101, 1128;other fuels 1128; air 1139; water 1136; anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134;mixture of water and anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134; a hot biomass and/orbiofuel/water slurry 1150; hot biocrude and/or biofuel 1148; hot wateror steam separated from biomass and/or biofuel 1146; hot water and/orsteam from any water source in the Plan, for example, FIG. 3 1144;unheated wastewater 1144; and/or heat and/or cooling from any one ormore of: a treated biomass/water slurry 1140; biofuel 1138, 1152; biogas1164; biocrude 1152; biomass 1101, 1128; waste 1101, 1128; other fuels1128; air 1139; water 1136; anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134; mixture ofwater and anhydrous fluid(s) 1132, 1134; a hot biomass and/orbiofuel/water slurry 1150; hot biocrude and/or biofuel 1148; hot wateror steam separated from biomass and/or biofuel 1146; hot water and/orsteam from any water source in the Plan, for example, FIG. 3 1144;unheated wastewater 1144; and/or any other source in the Plan, forexample, FIG. 7A or 7B 1142, 1168; and directing the flows to and fromthe thermal plant module 1002.

FIGS. 12A through 12E and 15A and 15B illustrate in some embodiments howheat or cooling may be transferred from any source to another within thePlan. FIGS. 15A, 15B, and FIGS. 16-20D illustrate in some embodimentshow heat may be transferred to the inflows shown in FIG. 11 which may beused to cool the thermal plant, and how the heated outflows shown inFIG. 11 may result, and heat and/or cooling from those heated. Theexamples may be illustrative only. Any means known to those of skill inthe art may be used to transfer heat and/or cooling.

The biomass, biocrude, and/or biofuel and water mixture that may be theproduct of the BGM, after additional possible treatment and/orconcentration/separation and/or dilution techniques (See FIG. 1), calledthe “treated biomass/water slurry” or “TBW slurry” may be used as acooling fluid in any thermodynamic cycle, and/or in any other thermalprocess, and/or possibly as the working fluid in such processes in thesame way that water may be normally used in any of these processes. Someexamples may be presented below. The following may be only examples, andmay be not intended to limit the use of heat transfer in any manner withrespect to the Plan. Any means of heat transfer known to those of skillthe art may be used to heat and/or cool either in a standard fashionknown to the art, and/or by simple substitution of the TBW slurry wherewater would normally be used, and processing of the heated TBW slurrye.g., as described herein.

One way the treated biomass/water slurry may be used may be as thecooling fluid in any thermodynamic cycle, in particular, the condensingstage of a cycle.

FIGS. 15A and 15B depict two possible modules that may be used totransfer heat from the thermal plant and/or other heat and/or coolingsources to the Plan.

FIG. 15A depicts a module which uses the treated biomass/water slurry asa cooling fluid in any thermal process, comprising possibly athermodynamic cycle. The TBW slurry may be pumped into a heat exchangerand cools the working fluid, capturing waste heat in the process. In anembodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A,15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, the waste heat maybe used to refine the TBW slurry, and/or to elevate its temperature toreduce the amount of heat needed for HTP and/or other refiningprocesses. Depending on the operating temperature and/or pressurereached in the heat exchanger, some or all of the biomass contained inthe heated TBW slurry may be converted to biocrude and/or possibly otherbiofuels in situ (that is, while being conveyed through this process)via HTP or another mechanism.

The temperature, pressure, and/or any other factors involved in aconversion of the TBW slurry's biomass to biocrude and/or biofuel may becontrolled to optimize the process in light of engineering and/or otherconcerns. For example, if it may be determined that conversion of thebiomass in situ (i.e., in the line used to move the TBW slurry) usingsuch a process may cause fouling of the equipment and/or detrimentallyhinder the flow of materials through the process to the refinery and/orBPP, which cannot be corrected through earlier removal of some of thematerials e.g., 1510, and/or other techniques known to those in the art,the heat exchanger involved in heat transfer to the TBW slurry may bedesigned to transfer only enough heat to the TBW slurry to provideadditional heat for downstream HTP and/or other refining processes atthe refinery, but not enough heat to produce an in-situ HTP process inthe heat exchanger or the line carrying the TBW slurry. Depending on thethoroughness of conversion, and the amount of heat that may be capturedin this process, the outputs may vary and further refining may benecessary to fully convert the heated TBW slurry into biocrude and/orbiofuels. The heated TBW slurry may be optionally routed through anotherheat exchange process of any description e.g., in the Plan to providemore heat to the TBW Slurry and limited cooling of other applicationsand then may undergo some initial separation steps 1510 and then may beconveyed to a refinery and/or BPP 1512, 1513, 1514 for any otherseparation/refining steps (which may be ideally located nearby in orderto reduce the loss of heat). Heat, water, and pressure from refiningprocesses may be recovered and reused e.g., in the Plan (FIGS. 2 & 3heat, water), and/or pressure e.g., FIG. 23. In an embodiment, theheated TBW slurry may be routed to the BGM. In an embodiment, the TBWslurry may be heated by any number of heat exchange processes to anoptimal temperature for biomass growth using a heat exchange process inthe thermal plant and/or another source of heat within the Plan. In anembodiment, any of the processes described may be regulated by sensorsand computerized controls to account for temperature variations whichmay be integrated with computer control and automation systems withsensors and computer controls to sense parameters of operation of theentire Plan, and to send signals to control systems to adjust andoptimize performance (e.g., and industrial control system optionallywith adaptive controls and/or artificial intelligence), e.g., FIG. 24E.

In one or more embodiments, if in-situ conversion of the BGM biomass tobiocrude and/or biofuels has been fully completed (a converted TBWslurry), the outflow may be directed to a refinery, and/or an initialseparation of the resulting products from the water may occur beforebeing directed to a refinery and/or BPP (e.g., when movement throughpiping leading to the refinery would be hindered by oil in the convertedTBW slurry), and the heated TBW slurry and initially separatedcomponents may be routed to the refinery and/or BPP for more completeseparation of these products from water, and possible further refiningof these products.

In an embodiment, if conversion of the TBW slurry's biomass to biocrudeand/or biofuels has not been fully completed in situ, the heated TBWslurry may be routed to the refinery and/or BPP for HTP and/or anotherprocess suited to separating biomass from water and refining it and/orto the BPP to undergo a process suited to the purpose of refiningbiomass into other products, and/or for separation from water. If HTPand/or other process(es) requiring additional heat may be used in therefinery and/or BPP, the heated TBW slurry may be heated additionallyusing another heat exchanger either as disclosed herein and/or in anymanner known to those of skill in the art, a separate burner, heat fromthe thermal plant (e.g., primary process heat), and/or another heatsource in order to achieve and maintain the heat needed for HTP and/orother refining processes. HTL may be conducted e.g., using the processin FIG. 9. Heat, water, and/or pressure in the converted TBW slurry andother stages of these processes may be reclaimed (e.g., FIGS. 2 & 3 heatand water, respectively, and pressure e.g., FIG. 23), and used e.g., inthe Plan.

In an embodiment, alternatively or additionally, the process of FIG. 15Amay be used to heat the TBW slurry, and heated TBW slurry may then bedirected back to the BGM. In this manner, the TBW slurry would serve asa thermal plant cooling fluid, and also be heated to a highertemperature directly by this process that may be beneficial for its usein the BGM. This application of the process in FIG. 15A would likely beat much lower temperature than the preceding process wherein the goalmay be the refining of biomass.

FIG. 15B depicts another module by which heat may be transferred to thePlan. A normal fluid (e.g., water from any source e.g., in the Plan(FIG. 3), other liquid, and/or gas from any source, not necessarilycontaining biomass and/or biofuel), may be used as cooling fluid in anyThermal Process, comprising possibly thermodynamic process or athermodynamic cycle, and/or to reclaim heat from any fluid and transferit to another use within the Plan. The heat captured by the coolingfluid may be used to supply heat to the Plan through direct use, such asuse as new water substrate for the BGM, direct routing of heated saltwater to a desalination plant and/or other processes, through heatexchangers, comprising heat used for the biomass/biofuel separationand/or refining process, processes depicted in FIGS. 12A-12E, comprisingpossibly cogenerated cooling, and/or any other process requiringheat/cooling e.g., FIG. 2. Fluid and/or pressure generated from thisprocess may be recovered and reused e.g., in the Plan (FIG. 3 forwater), pressure e.g., FIG. 23. Fluids of any type in this disclosuremay be recovered and redirected where needed e.g., in the Plan and/orfor discharge by any means herein disclosed and/or known to those ofskill in the art.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E,15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, depending on theamount of heat needed for HTP or HTP preheating, if used, and/or otherprocesses and/or project parameters, such as the type, size, and/oroperating temperature of thermal plant working fluid in use, the volumeof water available from the TBW slurry and/or other sources e.g., in thePlan, and the amount of cooling needed in the thermal plant to achieve adesired result (e.g., to complete condensation step in any thermodynamiccycle), only one or more than heat transfer module or heat exchangeprocess, e.g., 15A or 15B, using either the TBW slurry and/or any otherfluid source may be used cool the thermal plant and to transfer thermalplant waste heat to the Plan, and in any sequence. For example, a heatexchanger containing the TBW slurry may be used first in thecondensation step of a thermodynamic cycle, and another heat exchangercontaining another fluid source may be used second, and another heatexchanger using a third fluid source may be used as a third step incooling the working fluid and transferring heat to the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, an initial heat exchange process, due to thehigher temperatures attainable, may be used to provide heat for hightemperature HTP of the TBW slurry, where a second or third heat exchangeprocess may be needed to further reduce the temperature of the workingfluid to complete the condensation stage of a thermodynamic cycle. In anembodiment, the waste heat from a second or third heat exchange processmay be directed to lower heat applications e.g., in the Plan, such asheating the BGM, cellulosic ethanol, and/or to processes where anyamount of heating/preheating may be desirable, such as desalination. Inan embodiment, any residual heat after other processes e.g., in the Planrequiring heat have been supplied, may be directed toward desalination,where present in certain embodiments. Alternately, only one or more thantwo different heat exchange processes using either type of cooling fluidmay be used in any thermal process (e.g., FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, orother thermal processes) depending on design considerations, e.g.,whether it may be preferable to perform HTP and/or another process insitu, and/or at the refinery. In an embodiment, the TBW Slurry and/orany other fluid source may be heated progressively also in two or moreheat exchangers also where beneficial, for example, where it may bebeneficial to more gradually heat the TBW slurry to avoid problems inthe system such as biofouling. In this embodiment, for example, the TBWslurry at ambient temperature may be directed to one heat exchangeprocess which raises its temperature to a certain point (e.g., 120degrees C.), and then may be directed to another heat exchange processand/or other heating process to further elevate its temperature to 350degrees C., for example, or another temperature beneficial to thepreheating for or performance of HTP. Likewise, any other fluid sourcee.g., in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 15B) may also be routed through two ormore heat exchangers in the design (comprising step 1520) before usee.g., in the Plan/Recovery 1524 in order to optimize engineeringconsiderations, and to provide the optimal quantity and temperature ofheated fluid for any application e.g., in the Plan. These heat exchangeprocesses may occur in the same thermal process, thermodynamic cycle, indifferent thermal plant technologies, and/or in any other process whereheat maybe either generated and/or reclaimed. In an embodiment, allneeds for heat and/or cogenerated cooling (which may be generated byheat) e.g., in the Plan may be considered, and heat/waste heat ofdifferent temperatures may be prioritized and budgeted for all needs forheat and/or cooling within the Plan, with some or all of the heat beingsupplied by any heat exchange process in the condensation stage of athermodynamic cycle, by any other any thermal process in the thermalplant, comprising possibly primary process heat, and/or by heat and/orreclaimed heat from any heat source(s) e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 2).In an embodiment, the need for heat in all processes may also be plannedin accordance with the need for cooling of all thermal planttechnologies, such that adequate cooling may be provided, and anyleftover heat after all other processes requiring heat have been heated,may be directed to the desalination plant, if present e.g., in the Plan,and/or possibly to discharge.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure may be directed to a novelmethod, design Plan for the production of fuel and/or other products,reduction of CO₂ emissions, and innovative methods of conservation ofwater and energy in performing these vital processes. The method, designand Plan may be adapted to the geography, available resources, and needsof a particular location.

In an embodiment, the Plan and method relate to the minimization of CO₂emitted by a major CO₂ emission source and/or sources, e.g., ahydrocarbon-burning, or biofuel-burning thermal plant and/or thermalpower plant. In an embodiment, the percentage of carbon removed from thewaste stream of the thermal plant and incorporated as biomass growthinto the aqueous effluent(s) and/or discharge(s) of the biomass growthmodule may be from about 30% to 80% of the waste stream carbon, or fromabout 50% to 100%, or from about 75% to 100%, or from about 80% to 100%,or from about 80% to 95%.

In an embodiment, a thermal plant and biomass growth module may bepreferably located at a common locus, e.g., in close proximity, and maybe arranged for convenient transfer of the CO₂ to the biomass growthmodule. CO₂ may be captured from a thermal plant by pre-combustioncapture, post-combustion capture, and/or oxy-fuel process combustioncapture. Carbon dioxide may also be generated by the WWTP, WWTP sludgeprocessing, biomass, biomass refining, WWTP sludge, other organic sourceanaerobic digestion, other processes (See FIG. 4) and/or offsitesources. Carbon dioxide may be directly piped and/or treated and thenpiped to a biomass growth module, to the biofuel refining/separationplant for use in biomass refining and/or separations techniques,comprising supercritical fluids extraction, piped to the waterbottling/biomass packaging plant for use in carbonation of liquids,and/or other uses, and/or stored either as a gas, compressed gas and/orcompressed solid (dry ice), and/or may be marketed offsite. Carbondioxide may be distributed using such technologies as blowers, piping,spargers, and/or any other technologies suited to the purpose.

In an embodiment, water, an aqueous solution, steam, air and/or othergases may be used for the capture and/or distribution of heat, pressureand/or other energy from the thermal plant to the biomass growth moduleand/or other facilities to assist refining, processing and return ofbiomass and/or biofuels from the BGM as fuel to the thermal plant, forthe production of other products, and/or for other processes e.g., asdescribed herein.

In an embodiment, a biomass growth module (BGM) may contain one or morebiomass growth units (BGUs). The BGUs may be used separately, or incombination with each other, possibly sharing and/or exchangingresources and/or flows, to form the BGM. (See FIG. 5).

In one or more embodiments, a biomass growth unit may comprise a growingsubunit optionally comprising one or more of the following: one or moreopen pond(s), photobioreactor(s), non-photosynthetic bioreactor(s)and/or other growing subunit(s) (See FIG. 6). These growing subunits mayalso work in conjunction with other BGU supporting subunits (e.g., thesubunits of FIG. 6), such as nutrient storage, mixing unit(s),stressing, and/or others, wherein all subunits besides the growingsubunit as optional supporting components of a BGU, which may beincluded or excluded, and when included may be tailored to meet theoperating conditions and/or desired goals in the use of a particularBGU. In this manner the elements of the disclosure system and/or Planpresent a flexible system for optimization of the use of biomass growthin many applications.

In an embodiment, using an autotrophic BGU the biomass growth moduleprovides a continuous flow system such that inflows of CO₂, wherein theinflow of CO₂ and/or other sources of bioavailable carbon maysubstantially equal the carbon content of a crude biomass, e.g., FIG. 6.

In an embodiment, a nutrient feed into a biomass growth module which maycomprise raw sewage, pre-treated sewage, farm runoff, other wastewater,and/or any combination of the foregoing, which may be combined withanother water source of any description may be treated either partiallyor fully in the biomass growth module to remove contamination andrestore water quality, while using CO₂ from the thermal plant,generating biofuel/biomass, cooling the thermal plant, and capturingheat from the thermal plant for use in biomass/biofuel refiningprocesses and/or other processes.

Aquatic algae and/or other biomass can be used effectively in somestages of the treatment of municipal wastewater instead of traditionalbacterial-based wastewater treatment systems (WWTPs). Algae-basedsystems may be more cost-effective, energy efficient, and generatebetter quality of water treatment in these stages than traditionalwastewater treatment systems. Algae-based systems may be more effectivein remediating nutrients in water (such as nitrates) than traditionalwastewater treatment systems at lower cost.

In an embodiment, e.g., those of FIG. 14, non-fuel products derived fromthe biomass grown in wastewater, comprising select portions of it, orits residue after processing by anaerobic digestion and/or by any othermethod may also be produced, comprising animal feed, fish feed, soilamendments, bio-polymers, bio-plastics, paints, dyes, colorants,lubricants, and/or other products. Some products may be derived bymixing the above biomass, biomass portions and/or residues optionallywith other materials. In this manner, there may be provided amanufacturing process for such products from the collocated modules ofthe Plan.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 for processing biomass comprising a separation module 1404configured to receive 1405 biomass and water 1402 and wherein theseparation module 1404 is configured to receive 1442 heat 1418 from thePlan, for example, FIG. 2.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the separation module1404 comprises a biomass output 1403 and a water output 1406 and whereinthe water output 1406 is optionally configured for reclamation of wateruse in the Plan, for example, FIG. 3.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein optionally any portion ofa second biomass output 1404A is processed by a whole cell productsprocessing module 1412.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein an output of whole cellproducts 1412A from the whole cell products processing module 1412 isprovided to a BBPP module 1480.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein optionally any portion ofthe biomass output 1403 is processed by a cell disruption module 1408.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the cell disruptionmodule 1408 comprises a cell disruption biomass output 1417A.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein optionally any portion ofthe biomass output 1403 and/or cell disruption biomass output 1417A isprovided to a drying module 1410.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein heat 1418A from the Plan,for example, FIG. 2, is optionally provided 1446 to the drying module1410.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein air 1425A is transferredfrom an air treatment/odor control module 1300 in the Plan, for example,FIG. 13, to the drying module 1410.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein air 1425B is transferredfrom the drying module 1410 to the air treatment/odor control module1300 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 13.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the drying module 1410comprises a dried biomass output 1411.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the dried biomass output1411 is transferred to a powdered product processing module 1414.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the powdered productprocessing module 1414 comprise a powdered products output 1413.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the powdered productsoutput 1413 is transferred to a BBPP module 1480.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the cell disruptionmodule comprises a second biomass 1417B output.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the second biomass 1417Boutput is transferred to one or more optional mixing module(s) 1420.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the optional mixingmodule(s) 1420 further comprises inputs of: solvent(s) containingextracted biomass 1416, 1441; biomass 1471B; solvent 1421; and/orrecovered solvent 1437, 1440.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein any of the mixingmodule(s) is configured to optionally receive heat 1418 optionally fromthe Plan, for example, FIG. 2.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the mixing module(s) 1420comprise(s) a solvent and biomass output 1444.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the solvent and biomass1444 is optionally provided to a separation module 1422.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the separation module1422 comprises the following outputs: solvent and biomass 1445; and/orresidual biomass 1426.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the solvent and biomassoutput 1445 is provided to an evaporation module 1424.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein heat 1418B from the Plan,for example, FIG. 2, is optionally provided 1448 to the evaporationmodule 1424.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the evaporation module1424 is optionally configured to evaporate solvent under a vacuum 1427by air flow 1425.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein air flow 1427 is directed1447 to the air treatment/odor control module 1300 in the Plan, forexample, FIG. 13.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the evaporation module1424 optionally provides outputs optionally selected from: formulatedproducts in oil 1449, 1430; recovered solvent 1437; and/or solvent vapor1436.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the recovered solventoutput 1437 is optionally provided to the following: the mixingmodule(s) 1420; and/or a BGM 212B.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the solvent vapor output1436 is provided to a condensing module 1438.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein optionally cooling 1439,for example, FIG. 2, from the Plan or other source is provided 1451 tothe condensing module 1438.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein an output of thecondensing module 1438 comprises recovered solvent 1440.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the recovered solvent1440 is optionally provided to the mixing module(s) 1420 and/or a BGM212.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the formulated productsin oil 1430 are provided 1450 to the BBPP module 1480.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the residual biomassoutput 1426 is provided to: a refinery module 1428; a gasificationmodule 1428; and/or a BGM 212A.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1428and/or the gasification module 1428 provide an output of biofuel 1434.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the biofuel output 1434is optionally configured to fuel the thermal plant, or otherwise in thePlan 1000, for example, FIG. 10.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the biomass and water1402 is supplied by a BGU, for example, FIG. 6, 603, 648.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the solvent containingextracted biomass 1416 is supplied by a BGU 600 output 644, for example,FIG. 6.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to process solvent comprising a solvent andbiomass input 1445 in operative communication with an evaporation module1424 wherein heat 1418B from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, is providedto 1448 the evaporation module 1424.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the evaporation module1424 optionally comprises outputs selected from the following:formulated products in oil 1449, 1430; recovered solvent 1437; solventvapor 1436; and/or air 1425.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to process solvent and biomass comprising amixing module(s) 1420 wherein heat 1418 from the Plan, for example, FIG.2, is provided to 1443 the mixing module(s) 1420.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein any of the mixingmodule(s) 1420 may receive inputs optionally selected from: biomass1403, 1417B; solvent 1421; solvent containing extracted biomass 1416,1441; and/or recovered solvent 1437, 1440.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein an output of the mixingmodule(s) 1420 is solvent and biomass 1444.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to dry biomass comprising a drying module 1410wherein heat 1418A from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, is provided to1446 the drying module 1410.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the drying module 1410 isconfigured to receive inputs selected from: biomass 1403, 1417A; and/orair 1425A.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the drying module 1410comprises outputs selected from: dried biomass 1411; and/or air 1425B.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to dry biomass comprising a drying module 1410wherein ambient, reclaimed, purified and/or deodorized air from an airtreatment/odor control module 1300 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 13, isconfigured to provide air to 1425A and/or receive air from 1425B thedrying module 1410.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the drying module 1410 isconfigured to receive inputs selected from: biomass 1403, 1417A; and/orheat 1418A, 1446.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the drying module 1410 isconfigured to provide an output of dried biomass 1411.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to process solvent vapor comprising a solventvapor input 1436 in operative communication with a condensing module1438 wherein cooling 1439 from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, isprovided to 1451 the condensing module 1438.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the condensing module1438 comprises an output of recovered solvent 1440.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to grow biomass comprising a recovered solventinput 1437 configured to provide recovered solvent 1437 to a BGM 212B.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein an evaporation module1424 is in operative communication with the recovered solvent input1437.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to grow biomass comprising a recovered solventinput 1440 of a BGM 212 wherein a condensing module 1438 is in operativecommunication with the recovered solvent input 1440.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to reclaim residual biomass comprising a residualbiomass input 1426 in operative communication with a BGM 212A; arefinery module 1428; and/or a gasification module 1428.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein a separation module 1422is in operative communication with the residual biomass input 1426.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1428and/or gasification module 1428 are configured to produce biofuel(s)1434.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the biofuel(s) 1434 areoptionally used to fuel the thermal plant, for packaging, storage,and/or use in other combustion processes or otherwise in the Plan 1000,for example, FIG. 10.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 configured to bottle and/or package biomass comprising aBBPP module 1480 which receives inputs selected from: formulatedproducts in oil 1430, 1450; powdered products 1413; and/or whole cellproducts 1412A.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the BBPP module 1480 iscollocated with a BGM 212, and/or a BPP module 1400.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 212, and/or theBPP module 1400 provide inputs to the BBPP module 1480.

In reference to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1400 to provide evacuation of air comprising an air input 1447 inoperative communication with an air treatment/odor control module 1300in the Plan, for example, FIG. 13.

Another embodiment includes the system further comprising an evaporationmodule 1424 which provides the air input 1447 to the air treatment/odorcontrol module 1300 in the Plan, for example, FIG. 13, optionallyconfigured to create a vacuum 1427.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the air flow 1447 and/orvacuum 1427 is optionally used to evaporate solvents creating solventvapor 1436.

Another embodiment includes the system wherein the solvent vapor 1436 isoptionally condensed in a condensing module 1438.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of processing biomass comprising providing the system 1400 andintroducing a biomass and water 1402 to the separation module 1404.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of processing solvent comprising providing the system 1400 andproviding 1448 heat 1418B from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, to theevaporation module 1424.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of processing solvent and biomass comprising providing the system1400 and providing 1443 heat 1418 from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, tothe mixing module(s) 1420.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of drying biomass comprising providing the system 1400 andproviding 1446 heat 1418A from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, to thedrying module 1410.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of drying biomass comprising providing the system 1400 andconveying air to 1425A and from 1425B the drying module 1410.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of processing solvent vapors comprising providing the system 1400and providing 1451 cooling 1439 from the Plan, for example, FIG. 2, tothe condensing module 1438.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of growing biomass comprising providing the system 1400 andconveying a recovered solvent 1437 to a BGM 212B.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of growing biomass comprising providing the system 1400 andconveying a recovered solvent 1440 to a BGM 212.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of reclaiming residual biomass comprising providing the system1400 and conveying the reclaimed residual biomass 1426 to the BGM 212A,the refinery module 1428, and/or the gasification module 1428.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of bottling and/or packaging biomass comprising providing thesystem 1400 and conveying the inputs 1412A, 1413, 1430, 1450 to the BBPPmodule 1480.

In reference to FIG. 14. an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of evacuating air comprising providing the system 1400 andconveying air to 1447 the air treatment/odor control module 1300 in thePlan, for example, FIG. 13.

In an embodiment, thermal plant CO₂ emissions may be combined andconverted into a renewable energy source using a BGM, which suppliesfuel to the thermal plant, the water discharge(s) from the biomassgrowth module may be used to cool the thermal plant, and heat and powerfrom the thermal plant may be used productively in the biomass/biofuelrefining process and/or other processes e.g., in the Plan. In thisembodiment, a wide variety of useful products may be generated in thebiomass growth module and/or downstream processes, comprisingnutritional supplements for human consumption, e.g., pharmaceuticals,food, feed, other products such as cosmetics, biopolymers and/or otherproducts as known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. For example,see U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/173,905, filed Jun. 10, 2015,Appendix 1 incorporated herein by reference and relied upon and Pandey,Ashok, Lee, Duu-Jong, and Chisti, Yusuf, eds. Biofuels from Algae.Amsterdam, NLD: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2013. 205-233. ProQuestebrary. Web. 16 Sep. 2015, incorporated herein by reference and reliedupon in this specification for such products and/or processes that mayproduce them.

Alternatively, in other embodiments, a wide variety of other watersources may be used to grow biomass for use as fuel and/or to producemany useful products, while abating carbon dioxide, comprising partiallytreated wastewater, fresh water, salt water, high salinity salt water,other water types, or any combination of the foregoing. There may behundreds of thousands of algae species and other plant speciesworldwide. The biodiversity of plant species, in particular, algae,allows for strategic strain selection to optimize a biomass growthsystem for a wide variety of different growing conditions, climates,water substrates, desired outputs, and/or other factors. This disclosurespecifically seeks to include all water substrates available in anylocation for potential use and optimization based on local resources inthe biomass growth module (BGM), a biomass growth system.

In one or more embodiments, solid waste, such as municipal sanitarywaste, and/or industrial waste may be used for fuel to produce power ina waste-to-energy unit, comprised by the thermal plant, and the carbondioxide from that process may be used in biomass growth, and heatgenerated by it may be used productively to process and/or refinebiofuel and/or biomass generated in the biomass growth module, and/orfor other uses e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 2). Biomass/biofuelsgenerated in the biomass growth module may be used as fuel for thecombustion component of the waste-to-energy unit, biomass combustionunit, and/or in other power systems, and/or other useful products may besynthesized from the biomass.

The biomass and/or fuels generated by it and/or from refining itscomposition in the disclosed Plan may be utilized as a fuel for powergeneration and/or production of other useful products by a variety ofdownstream processing methods such as filtration, screening,coagulation, centrifugation, sedimentation, flocculation,bio-flocculation, flotation (comprising dissolved air and hydrogen),gravity settling, gravity thickener, cell disruption, bacterialextraction (e.g., a bacterial process for processing biomass, forexample, see http://www.soleybio.com/extractor-bateria.html incorporatedherein by reference and relied upon); ultrasound, microwave, solvent,cold press, transesterification, evaporation, electrophoresis,electroflotation, adsorption, ultrafiltration, precipitation,chromatography, crystallization, desiccation, lyophilization, drying,sterilization, hydrothermal processing, and/or other methods suitablefor processing biomass and/or biofuels known to the person of skill inthe art. For example, see, Pandey, Ashok, Lee, Duu-Jong, and Chisti,Yusuf, eds. Biofuels from Algae. Amsterdam, NLD: Elsevier Science &Technology, 2013. 85-110. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 16 Sep. 2015,incorporated herein by reference and relied upon and Shelef, G., A.Sukenik, and M. Green. Microalgae harvesting and processing: aliterature review. No. SERI/STR-231-2396. Technion Research andDevelopment Foundation Ltd., Haifa (Israel), 1984, incorporated hereinby reference and relied upon. Shelef et al., is incorporated in U.S.Provisional Application No. 62173905, a priority document of thisspecification, filed Jun. 10, 2015 as an Appendix to the Specification,also incorporated by reference in its entirety and relied upon.Depending on the biomass strain used, some types of fuel may begenerated directly by the biomass in the biomass growth module. In anembodiment, e.g., those of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 10, these fuels may beseparated from the water in the biomass growth module, either byevaporation and/or other means, and/or may be used directly as fueland/or further refined and then used as fuel for the thermal plantand/or other use. These fuels may follow the process path shown in 106and 102 of FIG. 1, FIG. 10, and/or may be routed to the Refinery and/orBPP and/or to the BBPP.

Processing of the biomass in a gasification module (e.g., 124 of FIG. 1)using CHG, anaerobic digestion and/or other technologies know to the artto gasify biomass may be used to produce biogas, which may be used asfuel. Hydrogen and/or other gaseous fuels may also be produced usingother methods. Gaseous fuels may also be used in fuel cells to producepower for use e.g., in the Plan.

Wet and/or dry biomass may be combusted to produce power in the thermalplant. Biomass may be dried using waste heat from the power and/or WTEplant, either in a drying module attached to the thermal plant, and/orin a separately powered biomass drying facility. Water captured from thedrying process may be re-introduced into the biomass growth moduleand/or elsewhere e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 3).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B,12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, abiomass/water slurry generated by the biomass growth module may beheated by waste heat generated in the thermal plant and “flash refined”in a process referred to as hydrothermal processing, which may comprisehydrothermal liquefaction, RTP, catalytic hydrothermal gasificationand/or any other hydrothermal processing method. The heatedbiomass/water slurry may be pressurized if necessary for the specificHTP process and/or operating conditions, and the outputs of theseprocesses may be primarily water and biocrude oil and/or methane andcarbon dioxide. For example, the following references are incorporatedby reference herein and relied upon:http://www.genifuel.com/text/20150125%20Genifuel%20Hydrothermal%20Overview.pdf.

Other References to HTL Include:

Elliott D C, T R Hart, A J Schmidt, G G Neuenschwander, L J Rotness, Jr,M V Olarte, A H Zacher, K O Albrecht, R T Hallen, and J E Holladay.2013. “Process Development for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of AlgaeFeedstocks in a Continuous-Flow Reactor.” Algal Research 2(4):445-454.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211926413000878.

Biddy M J, R Davis, S B Jones, and Y Zhu. 2013. Whole Algae HydrothermalLiquefaction Technology Pathway . PNNL-22314, Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory, Richland, Wash.

http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-22314.pdf.

Jones S B, Y Zhu, D B Anderson, R T Hallen, D C Elliott, A J Schmidt, KO Albrecht, T R Hart, M G Butcher, C Drennan, L J Snowden-Swan, R Davis,and C Kinchin. 2014. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion ofAlgal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction andUpgrading. PNNL-23227, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,Wash.

http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technicalreports/PNNL-23227.pdf.

Elliott, Douglas C., et al.. “Review: Hydrothermal Liquefaction ofBiomass Developments from Batch to Continuous Process.” BioresourceTechnology 178.(2015): 147-156. ScienceDirect. Web. 24 Sep. 2015.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852414013911.

Other References to CHG Include:

U.S. Pat. No. 8,877,098, Nov. 4, 2014. “Methods for sulfate removal inliquid-phase catalytic hydrothermal gasification of biomass.” Douglas CElliott and James R. Oyler,

http://www.google.com.ar/patents/US8877098.

Mian, Alberto, Adriano V. Ensinas, and Francois Marechal.“Multi-objective optimization of SNG production from microalgae throughhydrothermal gasification.” Computers & Chemical Engineering (2015).

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135415000150.

In an embodiment, the biocrude and/or gaseous fuels that may be a resultof HTP may be used either directly as fuel (e.g., in the thermal plantand/or elsewhere), and/or further refined and used as fuel in a varietyof applications. In this embodiment, a biomass/water slurry serves as asource of cooling water for the thermal plant either directly orindirectly, and also reclaims a significant portion of waste heatgenerated in the thermal plant. This results in a fast and efficientmeans to obtain biofuel while also meeting the needs of the thermalplant for cooling, and making efficient use of waste heat.

Alternatively, in an embodiment, the biomass may be separated from thewater substrate generated by the biomass growth module using anymechanical, chemical, thermal, physical, and/or other type of method(s)herein disclosed and/or known by the person of skill in the art, andthen refined for use as fuel and/or to make other products.

Alternatively, in an embodiment, the biomass may be processed on alimited basis through various extraction techniques, wherein portions ofthe water/biomass solution may be extracted for use to make fuels and/orproducts (e.g., milking), and the biomass substrate itself and/orportions thereof may be preserved and reused, and/or then processed byone of the other methods given herein.

In an embodiment, two or more hydrothermal processing methods and/orother refining methods may be used in combination, in parallel and/or inseries anywhere HTPmay bereferenced e.g., in the Plan, comprisingin-situ, in the Refinery and/or BPP to produce specific types or blendsof fuels and/or products.

In one or more embodiments, biomass will grow in the biomass growthmodule and its growth may be optimized as disclosed herein. The biomassmay produce some types of fuels directly in the biomass growth unit(s)within the biomass growth module. These fuels may be processed asnecessary by any means known to those in the art, and optionally routedto the thermal plant as fuel.

In an embodiment, fuels, useful products and/or their precursors may begenerated by a combination of these methods and/or by other methodseither directly in the biomass growth module, and/or through any othermeans of processing the biomass growth module outputs.

With reference to FIG. 10, Design 1000 comprises optional flows of fuelse.g., in the Plan wherein thermal plant 1002 receives inputs frommodules optionally present in an embodiment of the Plan comprising:Biofuel in gaseous and/or liquid form, biocrude and/or biocoal 1058 fromrefinery and/or BPP 1054; biomass and/or biofuel in liquid and/orgaseous form 1060 from BGM 1048; biogas that has been optionallyprocessed 1034 from gasification module 1036; Waste oil 1032 from allonsite systems 1040; biomass and/or waste for use as fuels (e.g.,waste-to-energy, biomass combustion) 1030 from recycling/waste receivingmodule 1028; gases 1023 from landfill 1021; and fuels of any descriptionfrom offsite source(s) 1064. Thermal plant's optional power planttechnologies, comprising combustion based power plants and/orwaste-to-energy power generation technologies 1004 optionally receivefuels 1006 from other optionally present thermal plant technologieswhich may produce fuels 1008 comprising: pyrolysis submodule 1009; HTPsubmodule 1010, cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol submodule 1012,desorber/condenser submodule 1016, and/or other thermal planttechnologies capable of generating fuels 1018. Optional thermal plantsubmodules rotary kiln incinerator 1022, plasma gasification 1020,and/or other technologies capable of processing hazardous waste 1024optionally receive hazardous waste 1026 from recycling/waste receivingmodule 1028, and/or thermal plant technologies generating hazardouswaste 1026. Thermal Plant 1002 optionally provides optionally heatedbiomass, biocrude, biofuels, and/or biocoal 1062 to refinery and/or BPP1054 for refining into fuels 1056 and/or processing into products.Refinery and/or BPP 1054 optionally receive biomass and/or biofuel(gaseous and/or liquid) 1060 for processing from BGM 1048 and provide(s)and/or receive(s) residuals 1049 to/from BGM 1048 and/or gasificationmodule 1036. Gasification module 1036 optionally receives biomass,sludge and/or residuals/or water 1038 from BGM 1048. BBPP 1052 receivesoptionally biomass 1050 from BGM 1048 and/or biomass, biocrude, biofuelsand/or biocoal 1056 from refinery and/or BPP 1054 forbottling/packaging. Bottled/packaged biocrude, biofuels, biomass and/orbiocoal 1046 may be provided for use in thermal plant 1042, for storage1043, and/or for export offsite 1044. A Desalination Unit 1053 mayprovide Brine 1061 to a Brine Electrolysis Unit 1055, which in turn mayprovide Hydrogen 1063 as fuel to the Thermal Plant 1002 or to theRefinery 1054 for optional hydrotreating and upgrading of raw biocrude.

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1000 configured to provide fuels to a thermal plant module oranother module comprising a thermal plant module 1002 configured toreceive fuel from a module and/or an input comprising: a pyrolysismodule 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module 1010; a RTP module 1010;other hydrothermal processing module 1010; a cellulosic ethanol module1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanol module 1012; adesorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste 1030;hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018; and/or other fuels imported from offsite (e.g.,outside the Plan) 1064.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas 1034 isunprocessed.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas 1034 is processed.

An embodiment includes the system further comprising a gasificationmodule 1036.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the gasification module 1036further comprises: a catalytic hydrothermal gasification module; and/oran anaerobic digestion module.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the landfill gases 1023optionally comprising biogas are received at the thermal plant module1002 unprocessed from a landfill 1021 and/or after processing.

An embodiment includes the system wherein processing comprises drying,pollutant removal, purification, and/or combination with another gas.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a BGM 1048 is configured tosupply biomass 1038, water 1038, sludge 1038 and/or residuals 1038 to agasification module 1036 or process.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 1048 is optionallyconfigured to supply biomass 1060, biofuel (gaseous) 1060, and/orbiofuel (liquid) 1060 to the thermal plant module 1002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 1048 is configured tosupply biomass 1050 to a BBPP module 1052.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 1002is configured to supply biomass 1062, biocrude 1062, biofuel 1062,and/or biocoal 1062, after optionally heating the biomass 1062, biocrude1062, biofuel 1062, and/or biocoal 1062, to: a refinery module 1054;and/or a BPP module 1054.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BGM 1048 is configured tosupply biomass 1060 and/or biofuel 1060 optionally to: a refinery module1054; and/or a BPP module 1054.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biofuel 1060 comprisesliquid biofuel 1060.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biofuel 1060 comprisesgaseous biofuel 1060.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biofuel 1060 comprises amixture of gaseous and liquid biofuel 1060.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1054and/or BPP module 1054 optionally supply biofuel 1058, 1060, biocrude1058, biocoal 1058 and/or biomass 1060 to the thermal plant module 1002.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1054and/or BPP module 1054 optionally supply biofuel 1056, biocrude 1056,biocoal 1056 and/or biomass 1056 to the BBPP module 1052.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BBPP module 1052 isconfigured to package biofuel (liquid) 1046, biofuel (gaseous) 1046,biocrude 1046, biocoal 1046 and/or biomass 1046. Package or packagingmay mean to bottle, preserve, cut, pelletize, box, containerize,compress and/or pressurize.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of the packagedbiofuel (liquid) 1046, biofuel (gaseous) 1046, biocrude 1046, biocoal1046 and/or biomass 1046 is configured to minimize transport of theportion and/or requirements for storage for later use and/or holding in:a thermal plant module 1042; storage 1043; and/or offsite export (e.g.,outside the Plan) 1044.

An embodiment includes the system wherein residuals 1049 may betransferred for additional processing or use among any two or more ofthe following: the refinery module 1054; the BPP module 1054; the BGM1048; and/or the gasification module 1036.

An embodiment includes the system wherein any portion of module and/orinput: a pyrolysis module 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module 1010; aRTP module 1010; other hydrothermal processing module 1010; a cellulosicethanol module 1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanol module 1012;a desorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste 1030;hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018; and/or other fuels imported from offsite (e.g.,outside the Plan) 1064 may undergo any of the following at any stage ofany process shown in, for example, FIG. 10: storage; processing in anyway known to those in the art; and/or blending with other materials.

An embodiment includes the system wherein a desalination module 1053provides brine 1061 to an electrolysis module 1055.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the electrolysis module 1055provides hydrogen 1063 to the thermal plant module 1002 as a fuel,and/or to the refinery module 1054 and/or BPP module 1054 forhydrotreating and upgrading raw biocrude.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the pyrolysis module 1009, theHTL module 1010, the CHG module optionally comprised by either the HTPmodule 1010 and/or gasification module 1036, the RTP optionallycomprised by the HTP module 1010, other hydrothermal processing module1010, cellulosic ethanol module 1012, cellulosic butanol and/orisobutanol module 1012, and/or a gasification module 1036, optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module 1002 is configured to receive inparallel, in series, or simultaneously BGM sludge 1038, WWTP sludgeoptionally comprised by BGM sludge 1038, and/or biomass comprisingagricultural biomass 1030, WTE biomass 1030, and/or BGM biomass 1060.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas input 1034, thermalplant module 1002 and/or CHG module 1010, 1036 comprises a biogasmodule.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the biogas module isconfigured for biogas purification, treatment, storage and/or heatingcomprising a shared infrastructure wherein the following are inoperative communication with the biogas module: an HTP module 1010; anatural gas input or output comprised by offsite fuels 1064 e.g., anatural gas line delivering natural gas and/or biogas to the biogasmodule and/or a line removing it; an anaerobic digestion modulecomprised by gasification module 1036; a WWTP module comprised by BGM1048; a BGM 1048; a gasification module 1036, and/or a landfill module1021.

An embodiment includes the system wherein gases generated in one or moremodules: an HTP module 1010; a natural gas input or output 1064; ananaerobic digestion module 1036; a WWTP module 1048; a BGM 1048; agasification module 1036, and/or a landfill module 1021 are combusted inone or more thermal plant module 1002 technolog(ies).

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1000 comprising a BGM 1048, a refinery module 1054, and/or a BPPmodule 1054 wherein the system is configured to transmit fuel and/orbiomass to and from the refinery module 1054 and/or the BPP module 1054wherein the fuels are: biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid) 1060; biofuel(gaseous) 1060; and/or residuals 1049.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the fuels and/or biomass areprovided to and/or from the refinery module 1054 and/or BPP module 1054by: a thermal plant module 1002; a BGM 1048; a gasification module 1036;and/or a BBPP module 1052.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the thermal plant module 1002provides to and/or receives from the refinery module 1054 and/or BPPmodule 1054 the following inputs: biomass (optionally heated) 1062;biofuel (liquid)—optionally heated 1058, 1062; biofuel(gaseous)—optionally heated 1058, 1062; biocrude (optionally heated)1058, 1062; and/or biocoal (optionally heated) 1058, 1062.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1054and/or BPP module 1054 provide an output to the BBPP module 1052 of:biomass 1056; biofuel (liquid) 1056; biofuel (gaseous) 1056; biocrude1056; and/or biocoal 1056.

An embodiment includes the system wherein BBPP module 1052 providespackaged fuel 1046 and/or biomass products 1046 for export 1044, forstorage 1043 and/or for use in a thermal plant module 1042 wherein thepackaged fuel comprises: biomass 1046; biofuel (liquid) 1046; biofuel(gaseous) 1046; biocrude 1046; and/or biocoal 1046.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1054, BPPmodule 1054, thermal plant module 1002, BGM 1048, gasification module1036, and/or BBPP module 1052 are collocated.

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1000 configured to packaging fuels and/or biomass productswherein the system comprises a BBPP module 1052 configured to receiveinputs of: biomass 1050, 1056; biofuel (liquid) 1056; biofuel (gaseous)1056; biocrude 1056; and/or biocoal 1056.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the fuels 1056 and/or biomass1050, 1056 are provided to the BBPP module 1052 by: a refinery module1054; a BPP module 1054; and/or a BGM 1048.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the BBPP module 1052 providespackaged fuel 1046 and/or biomass products 1046 for export 1044, forstorage 1043 and/or for use in a thermal plant module 1042 wherein thepackaged fuel comprises: biomass 1046; biofuel (liquid) 1046; biofuel(gaseous) 1046; biocrude 1046; and/or biocoal 1046.

An embodiment includes the system wherein the refinery module 1054, BPPmodule 1054, BBPP module 1052, and/or BGM 1048 are collocated.

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of distributing fuels within the system 1000, the methodcomprising: receiving at a first module and/or an input: a pyrolysismodule 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module 1010; a RTP module 1010;other hydrothermal processing module 1010; a cellulosic ethanol module1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanol module 1012; adesorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste 1030;hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; and/or other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018; a fuel from a second module and/or input: a pyrolysismodule 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module 1010; a RTP module 1010;other hydrothermal processing module 1010; a cellulosic ethanol module1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanol module 1012; adesorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste 1030;hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; and/or other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018; optionally processing the fuel at the first moduleand/or input: a pyrolysis module 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module1010; a RTP module 1010; other hydrothermal processing module 1010; acellulosic ethanol module 1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanolmodule 1012; a desorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste1030; hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; and/or other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018; optionally storing the fuel or processed fuel at athird module and/or input: a pyrolysis module 1009; a HTL module 1010; aCHG module 1010; a RTP module 1010; other hydrothermal processing module1010; a cellulosic ethanol module 1012; a cellulosic butanol and/orisobutanol module 1012; a desorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030and/or waste 1030; hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example,from all onsite systems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034;hydrogen 1063 optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060;biofuel (liquid) 1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude1058; biocoal 1058; landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; and/orother fuel-generating technologies 1018; and/or converting the fuel orprocessed fuel to energy at a fourth module and/or input: a pyrolysismodule 1009; a HTL module 1010; a CHG module 1010; a RTP module 1010;other hydrothermal processing module 1010; a cellulosic ethanol module1012; a cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanol module 1012; adesorber/condenser module 1016; biomass 1030 and/or waste 1030;hazardous waste 1026; waste oil 1032, for example, from all onsitesystems 1040; biogas (optionally processed) 1034; hydrogen 1063optionally from brine electrolysis 1055; biomass 1060; biofuel (liquid)1058, 1060; biofuel (gaseous) 1058, 1060; biocrude 1058; biocoal 1058;landfill gases (optionally processed) 1023; and/or other fuel-generatingtechnologies 1018.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the fuel is a biofuel.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the fuel is a biogas.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the fuel is biocrude.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the fuel is a biocoal.

An embodiment includes the method wherein the fuel is a hydrogen.

An embodiment includes the method further comprising packaging the fuel.

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of generating, distributing, and processing biomass into fuel andnon-fuel biomass products comprising processing the biomass into biofuel(liquid), biofuel (gaseous), biocrude, biocoal and/or non-fuel biomassproducts at a refinery module 1054 and/or BPP module 1054.

In reference to FIG. 10, an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of packaging biomass and/or biofuel comprising processing intopackages the biomass, biofuel (liquid), biofuel (gaseous), biocrude,and/or biocoal at the BBPP module 1052.

FIG. 10 depicts some fuel flows through Plan, not all material flows,comprising other materials that may be mixed with fuels. All depictedfuels/materials may be sent to storage, processed and/or blended withother materials in any manner known to the art before use in the nextprocess step or module shown.

In an embodiment, raw biocrude from HTP, e.g., HTL can be burned as fueloptionally in the same Thermal Plant that provided carbon dioxide to theBGM.

In a further embodiment, the raw biocrude can be stabilized by addingabout 10% of a hydrogen-donor solvent such as methanol or ethanol, toextend the time it can be stored before re-polymerization raises itsviscosity to unacceptable levels. This avoids the cost of upgrading rawbiocrude with hydrogen generated by steam reforming of natural gas,which would be required before refining to produce liquid transportationfuels.

In an embodiment, biogas from CHG can be burned as fuel optionally inthe same

Thermal Plant that provided the carbon dioxide to the BGU and/or others.

In a further embodiment, biogas from CHG, and/or raw biocrude from HTP,e.g., HTL (stabilized or unstabilized) can be used as a supplementalfuel for a coal-fired Thermal Plant, optionally the same one thatprovided the carbon dioxide to the BGU and/or others.

In a further embodiment, biogas from CHG, and/or raw biocrude from theHTL (stabilized or unstabilized) and/or biomass can be used as asupplemental fuel for a WTE Thermal Plant, optionally the same one thatprovided the carbon dioxide to the BGU and/or others.

In an embodiment, municipal wastewater, other wastewater, salt water,ultra-high concentration salt water (e.g., brine), or any other type orcombination of water resources may be delivered to a biomass growthmodule. Nutrients may be added to the BGUs comprising the BGM as needed.In certain embodiments, the CO2 produced in a thermal plant may bedelivered to the biomass growth module. With the addition of a CO2source, a photosynthetic biomass production process increases inefficiency. The treatment and processing of biomass and/or fuels may beoptimized based on the water resource and/or other resources comprisingthe biomass growth module, and/or the types of products and/or fuelsdesired to be developed from the biomass growth module.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 10, different technologies,comprising conventional power plants and/or WTE systems within thethermal plant may serve as backups for each other to a point to meetpower generation goals, contingencies, and/or margins. Fuels and/orwastes may be stored in manners known to the industry to allow foroptimal power generation for the Plan and/or for the grid over time(e.g., daily and/or seasonal fluctuations in power needs, fuelavailability, and backup capacity).

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 10, an oil/water mixture(s)generated in systems in the Plan and/or from offsite may be separated.In an embodiment, waste oil may be sent to the thermal plant as a fuelto produce power. Thermal plant technologies used for waste oil maycomprise a WTE incinerator, HTP, Plasma gasification unit, rotary kilnincinerator, and/or other technologies.

In one or more embodiments, e.g. FIG. 10, some solid, liquid, and/orblended wastes may be generated in the thermal plant which may beconsidered to be hazardous wastes. If these wastes may be legally andefficiently disposed of using recycling, the WTE incinerator, plasmaunit, the rotary kiln incinerator, alternate thermal plant technologies,HTP, and/or a landfill, any of these options and/or others suited to thepurpose may be utilized in the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, the Plan may comprise fuelheaters which may be fired with natural gas and/or biogas and/ormethane/other fuel mixture from sources onsite and/or methane fromoffsite and/or may be heated using Thermal plant heat and/or heatrecovered from other heat-intensive processes in the Plan per FIG. 2 asneeded to heat natural gas and/or other gaseous fuels in the Plan abovethe dew point.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10 a municipal waste incinerator(MSW) may incinerate waste from cities, industry, agriculture and/orother sources and generate power. An MSW incinerator thus reduces landuse for landfills, greenhouse methane gas generation, and produces powerand heat and thus may be incorporated within a system and/or Plan as athermal plant technology. That is, a thermal plant may comprise an MSWincinerator. Other example WTE technology options that may beincorporated into the Plan are discussed below. In one or moreembodiments, WTE technologies may be used to dispose of waste and/orbiomass generated by technologies in the Plan and/or offsite in anenvironmentally friendly manner and/or to recover energy fromwaste/biomass for power production. In an embodiment, an end product ofincineration and/or other direct-combustion WTE technologies may be ash,which may be used to produce cement. In one or more embodiments, oilfrom an optional desorber plant and/or waste oil from all sitefacilities and/or offsite sources may be burned in a rotary kilnincinerator, MSW incinerator, alternate direct combustion units, aplasma gasification unit, pyrolysis-based WTE systems, and/or processedby HTP module(s) in the Plan to produce power and/or fuels for use inthe thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, oil from an optional desorberplant and/or waste oil from all site facilities and/or offsite sourcesmay be burned in a rotary kiln incinerator, MSW incinerator, alternatedirect combustion units, a plasma gasification unit, pyrolysis-based WTEsystems, and/or processed by HTP module(s) in the Plan to produce powerand/or fuels for use in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, a rotary kiln incinerator maybe part of the thermal plant, e.g., the thermal plant comprises a rotarykiln incinerator. An MSW incinerator may not be suitable for handlingindustrial wastes, many of which would be categorized under US, Europeanand/or other law as “hazardous wastes.” In an embodiment, an alternativefor handling these would be a rotary kiln incinerator. A rotary kilnincinerator may be fed liquid, solid, containerized and/or gaseouswaste, comprising dust and/or acid gases.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, pyrolysis-based and/or otherWTE technologies may generally replace waste removal and/or wasteburning technologies, as WTE technologies are generally more efficient,better environmentally, and more viable than incinerators in someapplications. In general, these technologies use lower heat thanincinerators to anaerobically pyrolize organic waste to obtaincombustible products, such as oil, and/or a coal-like product. Theseproducts may then be combusted in a thermal plant to generate powerand/or may be exported offsite, e.g., outside a system or Plan. In anembodiment, WTE comprises two processes: first, a lower temperatureand/or anaerobic degradation) theoretically results in fewer harmfulchemical reactions, and therefore fewer harmful emissions uponsubsequently combusting products of the first process. In an embodiment,greater power can be generated per unit volume of municipal sanitarywaste (MSW) and/or biomass than incinerators, and that other marketablesolids, liquids and/or gases may be generated and/or reclaimed. In anembodiment, the Thermal Plant may comprise these types of technologyoptions in whole or in part. These processes may be similar in nature tohydrothermal processing (HTP) such as HTL, a process used to flashseparate and/or refine biocrude from biomass in water. The synergies ofthese systems in the Plan are the same as those of the incineratordescribed above, but in addition, coal, oil, and/or other productsgenerated in these processes may be combusted in the thermal plantonsite to generate power for the Plan and/or exported offsite. Biomass,biocrude, and/or other fuels derived from the BGM may be combusted in asecond step of the process in the thermal plant either in combinationwith pyrolysis-generated fuels or separately.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, fuels generated in theseand/or other processes may be combined in whole or in part and combustedin a thermal plant, and/or separately combusted in a thermal plantonsite to generate power for the Plan and/or exported offsite. In one ormore embodiments, fuels generated by cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol technologies and/or any other technologiesthat convert biomass into biofuel may be combined with biomass,biocrude, and/or other fuels derived from the BGM, waste HTP, and/orother biomass HTP, and/or subsequent processing steps and/or may becombusted separately and/or in combination with other fuels produced inthe Plan and/or imported to it.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, an indirectdesorber/condenser system may also be used and/or added to othertechnologies as part of the thermal plant. The indirectdesorber/condenser is configured to treat organic waste,vaporizing/distilling/azeotropically distilling the organic compoundstherein or produced upon heating, and/or condensing the organiccompounds to recover their fuel value. Example feed streams are APIseparator sludges from refinery operations, and/or petroleumcontaminated soils. This system may take on these wastes from offsitesources, and/or onsite sources, routinely and in emergencies, e.g., inthe event of an oil spill. The recovered fuels may be used to generatepower in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24K and/or FIG. 10, brineelectrolysis provides hydrogen gas. The hydrogen may be used in a fuelcell to produce electricity, and/or returned to the thermal plant forcombustion.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, and/or FIG. 3, a wastehandling/recycling plant may be added optionally as part of the Plan tosort a waste stream (e.g., municipal sanitary waste, construction waste,agricultural waste and/or other biomass, such as wood waste) forrecycling, landfilling, and/or use to provide feedstock for WTE and/orother technologies in the thermal plant to generate power. In general,construction and demolition wastes and municipal sanitary waste (MSW)may be collected and handled separately. Construction and demolitionwastes may be handled by large equipment in an outdoor setting thatallows for large stockpile areas for materials. This may be conductedremotely from the site, and/or in a large building or open area whichmay be collocated. In an embodiment, the waste handling/recyclingfacility design may allow for drainage and use/treatment of liquids.Waste oils from the waste stream may be processed in the thermal plantto generate power.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, landfills may be used tocontain waste that cannot be recycled and/or ash from the thermal plant,if not used in cement production. Landfills may be used to supplementWTE technologies used in the thermal plant, providing disposal space forWTE ash and/or excess waste, a temporary repository for waste to be usedin WTE system(s), and/or may also be used as a substitute for WTEsystem(s) should these technologies not be pursued. Gas generated bylandfill waste decomposition (typically 50 percent methane and 50percent carbon dioxide) may be used beneficially to power the thermalplant. It may share power generation technology used to combust methaneand/or biogas with other possible systems in the Plan that produceand/or combust gaseous fuels, such as the gasification module (e.g.,CHG, anaerobic digestion) used for biomass and/or sludge and/orgas-fired combustion power generators. Landfill-generated CO2 may bedirected to the BGM and/or other processes requiring CO2 in the Plan(e.g., FIG. 4), either before and/or after the burn off of methane. Inone or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 4, carbon dioxide transport and/orstorage infrastructure may be shared with the other systems describedherein that generate CO2. In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3and/or FIG. 10, the optional landfill may be lined with a liner systempossibly made of HDPE capable of containing leachate generated by thewaste materials. The leachate collection system may be installed toremove leachate from the facility for temporary storage and futuretreatment at a water treatment facility. In an embodiment, landfillleachate may be sent to the WWTP and/or oil separation and used forpower generation in a WTE plant rotary kiln incinerator, plasmagasification unit, and/or other WTE technology.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K bottleblowing, washing, filling, and/or capping may be combined into oneintegrated system. Integrated systems reduce bacteriological loading(disinfection), reduce production costs, decrease line footprint, reducebottle costs, and increase line efficiency. A bottle to bottle recyclingfacility may be included in the Plan to allow for direct use of recycledPET and/or other materials for plastic bottle manufacture. This type offacility may be coupled with the waste handling/recycling plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K, plastic maybe recycled from the waste receiving and processing area. The endproduct of the recycled plastic would be cleaned, disinfected, andshredded plastic material. This material may then be utilized in thebottle manufacturing process at the BBPP. Packaging materials for theBBPP and/or other modules in the Plan, such as the refinery may alsocome from the waste handling/recycling plant described herein, includingpossibly plastic, cardboard, and wood pallets. Bottle to bottlerecycling facility may be included in the Plan to allow for direct useof recycled PET and/or other materials for plastic bottle manufacture.This type of facility may be coupled with the waste handling/recyclingplant. The end product of the recycled plastic would be cleaned,disinfected, and/or shredded plastic material. This material may then beutilized in the bottle manufacturing process at the BBPP. Packagingmaterials for the BBPP may also come from the waste handling/recyclingplant described herein, including possibly plastic, glass, cardboard,wood pallets and/or other recycled materials. Waste heat from thethermal plant and/or heat recovered from other sources in the Plan(e.g., FIG. 2) may be used to generate cooling, such as air conditioningand/or refrigeration for cooling buildings and/or for refrigeration ofbiomass products, for cooling the BGM where beneficial, and/or for otheruses.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 10 and/or 24B, solids and/or sludge fromthe WWTP, WWTBGU, MFWBGU, and/or other BGUs described herein may beprocessed in a gasification module (e.g., CHG, anaerobically digested)to produce biogas for power generation in the thermal plant. In one ormore embodiments, all or part of the biomass from the BGM may also beprocessed in a gasification module along with the solids referenced orseparately using the same gasification equipment, to produce a biogas;and/or WWTP and/or WWTBGU solids may be injected into the WWTBGU for usein biomass growth; and/or any of the solids referenced may be processedin an HTP system (either the biomass HTP system described herein and/ora separate one) to produce biocrude for power generation in the thermalplant, with the remaining residue being processed by any of the abovemethods; and/or the solids may be processed in another WTE and/or othertechnology to produce power and/or fuel (e.g., pyrolysis-based WTE,cellulosic ethanol and/or other methods) for use in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 10, 24B, and/or 24C, biogasgenerated by processing biomass in a gasification module (e.g., usingCHG and/or anaerobic digesters), and optionally from a landfill used inany onsite process may be used to generate power in the thermal plant.The biogas from the gasification module technologies may undergoprocessing to prepare it for use as fuels and/or storage, comprisingdrying, hydrogen sulfide and/or other pollutant removal, blending withother fuels, condensation to liquids, and/or other techniques known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Gasification module(s), such as CHGmodule(s), anaerobic digesters and/or gas purification, drying,condensation to liquids, treatment, storage and/or heating and/orrelated infrastructure may be shared by BGM biomass, BGM sludge, and/orWWTP sludge and/or the resulting biogas and/or other biogas sources,such as an optional landfill, and/or other optional sources of naturalgas, such as natural gas imported from offsite. Any thermal planttechnologies utilizing gaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas-fired combustionturbines) and/or related infrastructure may be shared by any or all ofthe foregoing systems, and/or also other sources of combustible gas,such as natural gas delivered from offsite for use in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10, and/or FIG. 24B, HTPcomprises a primary method of “flash separating” biomass from waterand/or converting the biomass to a biocrude and/or other fuels using aprocess involving heat and possibly pressure. In one or moreembodiments, the biocrude that is the product of liquid-based HTPprocesses such as HTL or RTP may be combusted directly e.g., in burners,heavy motors, e.g., an engine normally combusting diesel or heavierfuels, and/or other select thermal plant technologies to produce power,and/or may be further refined to many major fuel types, which may becombusted if more efficient than biocrude given additional refiningcosts. In an embodiment HTP may convert other biomass and/or waste tobiocrude. In an embodiment, HTP may be used as a full substitute forother WTE technologies, or a partial replacement in the Plan. In thisembodiment, the waste may be heated and/or possibly pressurized, and theorganic portion may be liquefied to a form of biocrude (this process istermed “Waste HTP”). In an embodiment, the biocrude may be combustedand/or further refined and then combusted to generate power, dependingon its properties. It is an optional system in the disclosed Plan forwaste-to-energy, comprising optionally the incorporation of biomassstreams, such as agricultural material, wood and/or other organicmaterials into one or more HTP processes. The synergies with the Planare the same as those described for pyrolysis-based WTE Systemsdescribed above, plus the following. In an embodiment, Waste HTPinfrastructure may be shared with BGM Biomass HTP infrastructure, and/orother biomass HTP (Such as agricultural biomass, wood, energy crops,etc.), and the processes may be fully combined or partially combined.

In an embodiment, the biomass growth unit(s) within a biomass growthmodule may comprise may comprise a “growing subunit” which may compriseone or more photobioreactor(s), fermentation tank(s), other reactor(s),pond(s), and/or any other system(s) designed for growth of biomass. Inan embodiment using photosynthetic biomass, CO2 from the exhaust of thethermal plant, either by use of the thermal plant exhaust gasesdirectly, or after optionally passing through a pollution entrainmentmodule and/or other processing technology suited to the purpose (e.g.,FIGS. 7A and 7B, further described herein, as two example systems thatmay be used for this purpose),may be delivered to the biomass growthmodule. In an embodiment, a biomass feedstock source may be introducedinto the stream at the proper entry point to facilitate growth, based onthe biomass growth module technology in use.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or figures or description relevantto heat transfer and/or capture, the water containing biomass dischargedfrom the biomass growth module, or “BGM outflow fluid” comprising abiomass/water slurry optionally after the processing steps shown in FIG.1, may be sent to the thermal plant to provide cooling and heat capturein a variety of ways. The BGM outflow fluid containing biomass from aBGM may be used directly to cool the thermal plant, may be furtherprocessed and then used to cool the thermal plant, and/or may be used ina heat exchange system with another fluid cooling the thermal plantwhereby it cools and captures heat from the thermal plant indirectly,depending on the nature of the BGM outflow fluid, the water quality,flow rate, volume, and/or other needs of the particular thermal planttechnology type(s) in use, and/or other factors. Alternatively, heatfrom the thermal plant may be transferred by any other means to thebiomass/water slurry.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 1, 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transferand/or water transfer, water that has been separated from biomass in aBGM outflow fluid or biomass/water slurry after it may be processedand/or refined may be used to cool the thermal plant and capture heatfor use e.g., in the Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E,15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, heat captured froma thermal plant may be used productively to refine biofuels generateddirectly in the biomass growth module, and/or the biomass in abiomass/water slurry, optionally processed in any manner known to thosein the art, without harvesting by the use of such methods ashydrothermal processing, and/or any other method of refining the biomassgrowth module output, especially those without harvesting, and/or topreheat for any of the foregoing. Alternatively or additionally, biomassmay be processed and/or harvested by any or a combination of the methodsdescribed supra and/or by any other method that produces biomass and/orbiofuel that may be useful for fuels and/or other products, and/or inthe synthesis of fuels and/or other products.

In an embodiment, some portion of the energy produced by the thermalplant may be utilized to provide light that enables the photosyntheticprocess to proceed during overnight hours of operation when power demanddeclines. In an embodiment, biomass may be grown heterotrophically (inthe absence of light while utilizing organic carbon) and/ormixotrophically (in the presence or absence of light while utilizingorganic carbon). In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, oxygen from daylightphotosynthesis in the BGM may be stored and optionally directed backinto the BGM at night for a heterotrophic and/or mixotrophic growthprocess(es), or otherwise provided by the Plan, e.g., FIG. 25. In anembodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, carbon dioxide generated in heterotrophicgrowth processes may be stored at night, and optionally directed back tothe BGM during the day for autotrophic biomass growth process(es). In anembodiment, e.g. FIG. 6, and/or other figures and/or descriptionrelating to transfer of gases, any gases that may be generated in anyprocess or stage likewise may be stored and reused at any otherprocess/stage of biomass growth as may be beneficial (See FIG. 6) and/orelsewhere e.g., in the Plan. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, a biomassgrowth module and/or BGUs it comprises may operate heterotrophicallyexclusively, and an organic (biologically based) carbon and an oxygenstream may be added to facilitate growth. In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS.5 and/or 6, different BGUs comprised by the BGM operate autotrophically,heterotrophically, and/or mixotrophically during the same time of day(e.g., an autotrophic BGU exposed to the sun and a heterotrophic BGU ina closed reactor), and/or at different times of the day, and mayexchange carbon dioxide and/or oxygen and/or other resources inregulated flows. In an embodiment, carbon dioxide flow, other nutrientflows, light exposure, temperature, biomass collection rate, and manyother aspects affecting a biomass growth module may be optimized basedon the strain of biomass, climate, daylight cycle, and/or other factors,using sensors, flow regulators, manual and/or automated (e.g.,computerized) controls, and/or other devices adapted to the purpose.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 5, a biomass growth module may compriseseveral biomass growth units in any configuration, comprising any numberof the same or different BGUs used and/or connected in parallel withfully separate components, any number of BGUs used and/or connected inseries, any number of BGUs connected at any stage of their processes(e.g. sharing of subunits in whole or in part, sharing combined flows inwhole or in part, and/or BGUs sharing different components and/orequipment, such as a nutrient source, stressing unit, filtration unit,milking unit, holding tank, piping, heat transfer equipment, carbondioxide source, extraction unit, and/or any other component, resource,and/or byproduct of the Plan, such as carbon dioxide, heat, water,oxygen, growth medium, carbon source, solvent, and/or other lightorganic material, (e.g., volatile organic compounds, such as a C1-C10hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether, ester, acid and the like, wherein thevolatile compound may be combustible), and/or biomass. (See some exampleconfigurations in FIG. 5).

Thus, the present disclosure provides an integrated approach tominimization of CO₂ emissions, power generation, biofuel production,efficient use of heat and water, as well as production ofbiomass-derived non-fuel products, treatment of wastewater and/orwaste-to-energy in some embodiments. Various embodiments provide for awide variety of other water sources or combinations to be used toprovide optionally CO₂ abatement, and a medium for biomass and/orbiofuel production with conservation of water and/or heat energy.

In certain embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 4, 7A and/or 7B, a thermal plant anda biomass growth module may be operatively linked to provide a regulatedcontinuous or discontinuous flow of carbon dioxide from the thermalplant, via a stack or other conveyance therefrom, to the biomass growthmodule. In certain embodiments, control systems may be implemented toprovide affirmative control of the thermal plant and/or BGM, monitoring,or both. For example, the constituents, temperatures, humidity, and/orchemical constitution of gases and/or liquids emanating to and/or fromthe thermal plant, and/or any condition(s) in the BGM (e.g., carbondioxide levels, temperature, chemical concentrations, etc.), may bemonitored and/or regulated, and any portion of the gases and/or anyliquids generated (e.g., using pollution control and/or pollutionentrainment modules) routed either directly to the BGM, the gases routedthrough an optional pollution entrainment module and/or othertechnologies when necessary to prepare the gases and/or liquids for theBGM in order to optimize the input of carbon dioxide, and/or otherinputs to the BGM. The exhaust gas recovery module and/or pollutionentrainment modules may be controlled to adjust the functioning of thesemodules based on the measurements of the thermal plant and/or BGM (e.g.,pollution controls may be increased or reduced based on changes to theexhaust gases, and/or heat, pollutants entrained, and/or water flows maybe regulated based on measurements in the BGM). The thermal plant and/orbiomass growth module and/or any of its components may be monitoredand/or adjusted by sensors and controls either manually or automaticallyand/or dynamically to control operating parameters and/or any inputsand/or outputs. These sensors and controls may be integrated withcomputer control and automation systems for the entire Plan with sensorsand computer controls to sense parameters of operation of the Plan, andto send signals to control systems to adjust and optimize performance(e.g., and industrial control system optionally with adaptive controlsand/or artificial intelligence). In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 7A or7B,the thermal plant stack or other conveyance and/or attached modules,such as an exhaust gas recovery module as in FIGS. 7A and 7B, may usedynamic controls (e.g., computerized controls interfaced with hardware)that may automatically adjust to measurements anywhere e.g., in the Planalso to divert a controlled portion of the exhaust gases to the BGM/BGUand to direct another portion to be treated for release into theenvironment. The portion treated for release into the environment mayuse pollution control technologies as necessary to reduce emissionsand/or heat exchangers to capture the heat in that portion of theexhaust gases for use e.g., in the Plan. The resultant treated exhaustgases may be released into the environment.

In an embodiment, the biomass growth module may be used as a means ofwater remediation. In such case, for example, organic carbon waste,nitrates, metals, and/or other potential contaminants in the biomassgrowth module feed water may be reduced by digestion, incorporationand/or other means in the growth of biomass. BODS in the wastewater maybe reduced by approximately 88-100%.

In an embodiment, wastewater, e.g. municipal wastewater, farm effluent,animal waste effluent, and/or other wastewater may be used as a feedwater source for the biomass growth module. When wastewater may beincluded as any part of the biomass growth module water source,additional pretreatment steps may be undertaken before use in thebiomass growth module (e.g., primary wastewater treatment) and/orpost-biomass growth module treatment steps (e.g., tertiary wastewatertreatment) may be used to further treat the water in order to obtaincomprehensive wastewater treatment, to prepare the water for use inother processes, and/or for release into the environment.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3 and/or 6, using a wastewater as thesource, and the aforementioned system as a wastewater treatmentmethodology, additional, traditional bacteria-based or other wastewatertreatment technology may be provided alongside the biomass growth moduleor BGU within a BGM to handle additional and/or fluctuating wastewatertreatment needs, e.g., when the whole volume of wastewater treatmentneeded cannot be accomplished by the biomass growth module. In anembodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 5, and/or 6, salt water, high salinitysalt water, fresh water, wastewater (either partially treated or raw),and/or other water types may be used either in separate biomass growthunits or combined as desired in certain BGUs or individual BGU subunitswithin the BGM, and/or several variations of BGUs may be usedconcurrently and/or sequentially. Further illustration of differentoptional BGUs and their components may be given FIG. 6, and describedherein.

With reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, in an embodiment, heat from thermalplant combustion exhaust may be delivered via a conveyance and employedto heat a BGM, individual BGU(s), and/or individual BGU componentsmaintaining an optimal biological growth and/or reproduction rate in thebiomass growth module 222. As biomass growth may be typicallytemperature-dependent, during colder seasons, and/or with dailytemperature changes, and/or other temperature fluctuations, such heat,e.g., waste heat, assists biological growth in many cases; and/or suchheat may be used in other processes, comprising heating water for anyprocess and/or purpose e.g., in the Plan (See FIG. 2). Waste heat mayalso be converted to cooling in order to regulate BGM, individual BGU,and/or BGU component temperatures to prevent overheating, inrefining/processing biomass (e.g., to condense solvents), tocool/refrigerate biomass products, and/or for any other use e.g., in thePlan (See FIG. 2).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or FIG. 9, an exemplary biomassrefining technique that may be used may be a hydrothermal processing(HTP) method known as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). FIG. 9 may be anexemplary process for performing HTL. Such a liquefaction processtypically produces a biocrude and water. In a first step, thebiomass/water slurry may be processed by a tertiary treatment,optionally concentrated by a gravity thickener, and/or by anotherconcentrating technique known to a person of skill in the art, e.g.,centrifugation, and/or may be diluted with water from any source. Thenbiomass grown in a biomass growth module containing water and/or abiomass/water slurry may be heated by the thermal plant and undergo HTPin situ, and/or the heated mixture may be sent to a refinery where itmay be fed to a hydrothermal liquefaction module.

In an embodiment, e.g., those embodiments of FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16, 17,and/or 18, notwithstanding the concentration of biofuel in the biomass,a biomass/water slurry may be transferred to thermal plant to be used asa cooling fluid. A biomass/water slurry may pass through a heatexchanger to provide cooling for a thermal power plant, e.g., thecooling/condensation stage of a thermodynamic cycle (e.g., Rankinecycle, other), and/or other process steps where cooling water may beneeded in any thermal plant. Optionally, thermal plant waste heat may betransferred to the biomass/water slurry using a different configurationof water sources and/or heat exchangers, e.g., any water and/or otherfluid source may be used to cool the thermal plant, and then to transferheat to the biomass/water slurry via heat exchange and/or any othermethod, and/or other process(es) used to convey heat that may be not aheat exchanger. In thermal plant thermal processes where air may be usedin firing a boiler and/or to cool the working fluid, a heat exchangermay be used to transfer heat from the cooling air to the biomass/waterslurry (See FIGS. 7A and 7B, further described herein, for possibleexample configurations of systems that may be used to reclaim heat fromexhaust gases). The figures presented may be examples only, and anyviable configuration to reclaim exhaust heat may be used. In anembodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E,15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, and FIG. 23,and/or other figures and/or description relevant to pressure use and/ortransfer, once heat has been absorbed by the biomass/water slurry, theslurry may be optionally directed to a refinery for refinement and/orfurther processing, which refinery may comprise HTP module, such as theHTL module in FIG. 9, and/or another hydrothermal process module, wherethe temperature may be elevated as necessary and maintained (e.g., at orabove about 350 degrees Celsius (662 F) for HTL) by additional heating(from the thermal plant and/other source(s), comprising heat recoveryfrom any aspect of the Plan, See FIG. 2), and pressure may be elevatedas necessary for the particular HTP method (e.g., for HTL, approximately3000 PSI and maintained for approximately 1 hour). In an embodiment, aclosed reactor may be heated from 500-1300 degrees F. with rapidheating, and the processing time may be about one minute. For examplesee the following references are incorporated by reference herein andrelied upon:http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/savage-20121108.html,http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef301925d and/orhttp://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/22/algae-liquefaction-what-is-is-and-why-it-might-be-the-key-to-affordable-drop-in-algae-biofuels.

In an embodiment, the Envergent Technologies, LLC RTP process, or asimilar process wherein algae may be heated at ambient pressure andconverted to biofuel. The pressure, temperature, speed at which heat maybe increased, and/or duration of the process may be adjusted based onthe biomass strain in use, different combinations of heat, pressure andtime under varying conditions, improvements in the methodology, and/orother specific factors. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, heat and/orenergy may be supplied to an HTP module by the thermal plant and/or aseparate heating process optionally powered by the thermal plant. Oncethe hydrothermal processing may be complete, the HTP module may releasethe products of the process, e.g., for HTL or RTP, typically mostly abiocrude and water; for CHG, biogas. The HTP module may be a staticcontainer of any design, or a moving conveyance of any description whereHTP may be performed, depending on design preferences. It may utilize abatch method, constant flow, intermittent flow, or another flow method.The biocrude may be used directly as a fuel source for the thermalplant, or may be further dried and/or refined, and then used as a fuelsource for the thermal plant. Hydrothermal conversion may be athermochemical process to re-form biomass in hot compressed water. Underelevated temperature and/or pressure, specifically when exceeding thecritical point (374.31C and 22.1 MPa) of water, the density, staticdielectric constant and ion dissociation constant of water dropdrastically, which can accelerate the reaction rate substantially. Dueto those superior properties of hot pressurized water, it acts as anon-polar solvent and benign reactant with high diffusivity, excellenttransport properties and solubility. Consequently, hydrothermalconversion technology has been widely applied for fuels and chemicalsrecovery from wet biomass and/or organic waste with high moisturecontent in the last two decades. Hydrothermal conversion can be dividedinto (1) hydrothermal carbonization (180-250C) for hydrochar production,(2) hydrothermal liquefaction (about 200-370C, with pressures between 4and 20 MPa) for heavy oil production and (3) hydrothermal gasification(near-critical temperatures up to about 500C) to generate hydrogen richgas under various conditions. From the perspectives of fossil energyshortage and environmental impacts, renewable hydrogen recovery fromreadily available wet biomass using hydrothermal gasification may bedesired in the long run. It may be of particular interest to integratecatalytic process into thermochemical biomass conversion process toimprove the yield and quality of gas and/or liquid fuels. Introductionof catalyst(s) (either homogeneous or heterogeneous) in hydrothermalgasification could achieve good gasification performance under mildtemperatures and/or pressures, lowering the equipment investment andoperating cost.

For example, see the following references are incorporated by referenceherein and relied upon:http://www.genifuel.com/text/Genifuel%20Combined%20HTL-CHG%20BFD.pdf;andhttp://www.researchgate.net/profile/Apostolos_Giannis/publication/265230800_Hydrothermal_gasification_of_sewage_sludge_and_model_compounds_for_renewable_hydrogen_production_A_review/links/545304bd0cf26d5090a38456.pdf; and/orhttp://www.adktroutguide.com/files/Elliott_hydrothermal_gasification_of_biomass.pdf.

The figures below depict a flow diagram of the basic system forcontinuous-flow catalytic hydrothermal gasification.

The temperature used in the operation of hydrothermal gasification ofbiomass can have several significant effects. Three temperature regionsfor hydrothermal gasification may be identified: Region I (500-700° C.supercritical water) biomass decomposes and activated carbon catalystmay be used to avoid char formation or alkali catalyst facilitates thewater-gas shift reaction. Region II (374-500° C., supercritical water)biomass hydrolyzes and metal catalysts facilitate gasification. RegionIII (below 374° C., subcritical water) biomass hydrolysis may be slowand catalysts may be required for gas formation.

In reference to FIG. 26 and/or FIG. 27, when operating in a system whichreaches thermodynamic equilibrium, the resulting gas product compositionwill be determined by the pressure and temperature. Operation atsubcritical temperature results in a product gas high in methane andless hydrogen while operations at supercritical temperatures willproduce more hydrogen and less methane. A confounding factor may be thatthe partial pressure of water in the system will also affect the gasproduct composition in that lower biomass concentration in the reactorsystem—and therefore higher water content—will move the equilibriumtoward hydrogen and away from methane by known steam-reformingmechanisms. A useful catalyst for gasification of biomass structureswill also be a useful catalyst for methane synthesis and reforming. Theuse of a catalyst can allow low-temperature operation while maintaininguseful kinetics. The use of low temperature will also impact themechanical systems for containing the reaction. Lower temperatureoperation allows lower capital costs because of lower pressureoperation, requiring less containment structure, and less severe attackon the reactor walls, which allows the use of less costly alloys.

The figure above may be another example of a CHG process, and was takenfrom an article “Catalytic gasification of algae in supercritical waterfor biofuel production and carbon capture” 2009, Energy & EnvironmentalScience. The figure may be described as “FIG. 2 Sketch of PSI'scatalytic hydrothermal gasification and methanation process.” And, infurther description, “An important finding was that sulfate, added assodium sulfate to the feed solution, may be a strong poison for theruthenium catalyst. We have, therefore, integrated a salt separationstep before the catalytic reactor in our continuous process (see FIG.2).” In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,energy used to generate pressure and/or heat may be recovered once ahydrothermal liquefaction and/or other HTP process may be completed.Such energy may then be transferred to generate supplemental powerand/or increase the efficiency of the Plan and/or method e.g., FIG. 23.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, the heatedbiocrude that may be the product of HTP processes such as HTL, may befurther refined while still containing the heat from HTP. For example,for HTL it may be typically necessary to raise the temperature of thebiocrude to about 350 degrees C. or higher, which may be approximatelythe temperature needed for additional refining to other fuels. Other HTPprocesses, likewise may yield heated fuels possibly mixed with water.This heated mixture may optionally be dried (chemically and/orotherwise), and/or otherwise processed to separate it from water and/orother constituents, and then sent as heated for refining to produce allother refined fuels that may be derived from the type of biomass beingused. For example, most algae biomass processed through HTP may beconverted to the same fuels that can be derived from petroleum,comprising LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, heating oil, fuel oil,and/or bitumen. Use of the already heated biocrude from HTP may saveenergy in reheating to further refine the biocrude after it has cooled.Likewise, gaseous fuels that may be the product of HTP processes, suchas CHG, may utilize heat in the resultant gaseous biofuel possibly mixedwith steam in a similar way to provide heat for separation from waterand/or further refining of the biofuel. All heat used in any refiningactivities may be reclaimed e.g., as described herein, and/or reusede.g., in the Plan e.g., FIG. 2.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19 and/or 23,heated water and/or biocrude may be directed through other heatexchangers to reclaim heat used in processing the biomass. Pressure maybe recovered and/or reclaimed using standard technologies such asturbine or Pelton wheel, turbocharger, pressure exchanger (such asDWEER, the rotary pressure exchanger, and Dannfoss iSave), energyrecovery pump (such as the Clark pump, the Spectra Pearson pump, and/orother technologies suited to the purpose) and used to generate pressurefor another portion of heated biomass/water slurry being prepared toundergo hydrothermal processing, for movement of liquids through theprocess, for power generation, for desalination, for other processese.g., in the Plan, and/or other applications e.g., FIG. 23.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, recovered heatfrom thermal plant exhaust gases, thermal plant cooling, comprisingembodiments using HTP of a biomass/water slurry, and/or any otherprocess e.g., in the Plan may be reused for any hydrothermal processingmethod and/or other refining processes for water, biomass and/orbiofuel, comprising distillation of fuels, drying of biomass forpreheating the biomass growth module water source, for either directlyand/or indirectly heating the biomass growth module, for heatinganaerobic digestion (when used) to increase efficiency, biofuel, and/orwaste in preparation for combustion and/or other processes, incellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol processes, in supercritical fluidsextraction, for increasing the efficiency of an optional desalinationunit, for HTP of any organic waste which may mixed with biomass andwater and/or another fluid, and/or for other processes or uses e.g., inthe Plan (See FIG. 2). In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 7A, 7B, and/or FIG.3, water that may be the substrate for any of the foregoing processesmay be reused anywhere e.g., in the Plan where water may be utilized,including as source water for the BGM, cooling the thermal plant, todilute brine discharge of the optional desalination system, and/or forother uses (See FIG. 2). Heat exchangers and/or other known technologiesmay be used to transfer heat from any system e.g., in the Plan toanother.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, 7A, 7B, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, and/or 12E,and/or figures or description relevant to heat transfer and/or capture,heat may be generated/reclaimed for use in above applications and/or forother applications e.g., in the Plan by the following: The thermalplant's waste heat in the form of exhaust gases and that heat which maybe captured by thermal plant cooling water, primary process heatgenerated by the thermal plant (e.g., primary combustion processnon-waste heat), heat generated by any other thermal plant process, heatrecovered from HTP and/or other water/biofuel/biomass refining, heatthat may be recovered in processes used to cool the BGM, additionalsolar thermal techniques of any type, comprising solar troughs and/ortowers, optional desalination plant discharge, and/or any other processe.g., in the Plan where heat may be captured and/or recovered,comprising reclamation of heat resulting from any process hereindisclosed and/or known to the person of skill in the art. Heatexchangers and/or other known technologies may be used to transfer heatfrom one system to another and/or from one substrate to another (e.g.,water, vapor, solids to another substrate) and/or different supplies ofthe same substrate type (e.g., wastewater to separate water supply usedin different processes, gases to other gases, etc.), which may transferheat where needed e.g., in the Plan, for example, see FIGS. 12A-12E.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, following hydrothermal processing e.g.,FIG. 1, and/or other processes such as the harvesting of the biomassmaterial from the biomass growth module discharge stream, a subsequentpurifying filter, ultraviolet light, tertiary wastewater treatment(e.g., when wastewater may be used in the BGM) and/or other watertreatment methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art may beused to further treat the water discharge before use in otherapplications where necessary. Water processed through this system and/oroptional subsequent refining steps can be made suitable for many uses,e.g. as a potable water stream, a non-potable stream, for discharge tothe environment, for reuse in the disclosed Plan wherever water may beneeded (See FIG. 3).

With reference to FIGS. 1, 4, and 6, in an embodiment, a majority, e.g.,the percentages described earlier, or all of the carbon dioxide in theexhaust gas delivered to the biomass growth module may be consumed asraw material for photosynthetic growth of a biomass and therebyconverted into useful organic compounds. Fuel, nutraceuticals, food andfeed, pharmaceuticals, pigments, vitamins, antioxidants, biopolymers,cosmetics, paper, lubricants, fertilizer, chemicals and/or other producttypes may be produced in such production processes as known to a personof ordinary skill in the art per Pandey, et. al 2013 pgs. 205-233.Optionally, carbon dioxide may be used in some water, biomass, and/orbiofuel refining techniques, such as supercritical fluids extraction, inthe desalination process, in the water bottling/packaging plant tocarbonate water and/or other liquids (likely after some purification),and/or may for other purposes (See FIG. 4).

In an embodiment, optionally, an artificial light source, optionallypowered by a thermal plant, may be provided for use as required, e.g.,during off-peak, non-daylight conditions, for photosynthetic growth ofthe biomass. In this manner, the biomass growth module may beoperational at least from 80% to 100%, or from 85% to 95%, or from 90%to 100% of a 24 hour day. In an embodiment the percentage of operationper day may be 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 percent or from one integer to anotherinteger in the preceding list, for example from 83% to 92%. Thispercentage may include nighttime growth by supplying a carbon sourcewith light (e.g., autotrophic or mixotrophic) and/or without light(e.g., heterotrophic or mixotrophic). Different growth methods may beused concurrently in different BGUs within the BGM.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, 600 a supplemental nutrient supplyline(s) 620 may optionally deliver a controlled amount of nutrients(such as nitrogen and/or phosphorus) from nutrient supply controlled bya motive device such as a variable speed pump, which receives an inputsignal from a water and/or biomass measurement and/or other parametermeasurement device such that a control signal may be sent to the motivedevice to regulate the inflow of nutrients into the BGM or any othercomponent thereof. One or more measurement device(s) may be set tomeasure water content of essential nutrients in the system, biomassdensity, pH, temperature, gases of different types, and/or any number ofother factors, and optionally send the information to a computerizedsystem, which may then send a signal back to one or more automatedsystems to make an adjustment(s) to any operational parameter(s) (e.g.,initiating an input or output, changing the flow of an input our output,changing some other aspect of the system in response to the sensedand/or measured information). All systems e.g., in the Plan may havesensors and/or automated or manual valves and/or other flow ratecontrols to dispense materials, apply heat and/or cooling, add or reducecarbon dioxide and/or other gases, add or reduce additional water flowsof any type, and/or to meet any other needs of all systems in the BGM.These systems may comprise integrated computer control and automationsystems with sensors and computer controls to sense parameters ofoperation of the entire Plan, and to send signals to control systems toadjust and optimize performance (e.g., and industrial control systemoptionally with adaptive controls and/or artificial intelligence).

In an embodiment, municipal wastewater, where used as the water sourcefor the biomass growth module, in whole or in part, may be treated morecompletely to remove contaminants and dissolved carbon, for example, inthe disclosed Plan, than in a standard wastewater treatment plant or abiomass-based wastewater treatment plant known to the person of ordinaryskill in the art. The colocation and/or integration of beneficial inputsdescribed herein from the other modules of the Plan (e.g., abundantcarbon dioxide, heat, etc.), and flow controls may be used to optimizethe biomass's ability both to grow and to remediate contaminants. Forexample, municipal wastewater effluent may contain a substantialconcentration of waste pharmaceuticals and metabolites thereof, e.g.,hormones, antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, etc., that the biomass(e.g., algae) may use as a feed source. Recently, algae have becomesignificant organisms for biological purification of wastewater sincethey may be able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals,pesticides, antibiotics, medicines, hormones, antibodies, proteins,viruses, and the like, and/or other human xenobiotic substances, organicand inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in theircells/bodies with their bioaccumulation abilities. For example, see thefollowing references may be incorporated by reference herein and reliedupon: Bulent Sen, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Feray Sonmez, Mehmet Ali Turan Kocerand Ozgur Canpolat (2013). Relationship of Algae to Water Pollution andWaste Water Treatment, Water Treatment, Dr. Walid Elshorbagy (Ed.),ISBN: 978-953-51-0928-0, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/51927. Available from:http://www.intechopen.com/books/water-treatment/relationship-of-algae-to-water-pollution-and-waste-water-treatmentand http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052567/. Abdel-Raouf,N., A. A. Al-Homaidan, and I. B. M. Ibraheem. “Microalgae and wastewatertreatment.” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 19.3 (2012): 257-275.In an embodiment, municipal wastewater and/or agricultural and/or runoffwastewater may comprise a large concentration of fertilizer, pesticides,and the like that serves as a feed source for algae. The embodied systemmay be idealized, controlled and regulated to optimize the growth ofbiomass such as algae, and thus, greatly increase the efficiency of theuptake of contaminants. In an embodiment, the effluent from the biomassgrowth module may contain a lower concentration of nitrates, phosphorusand/or other pollutants than in the wastewater delivered to the biomassgrowth module. Similarly, carbon dioxide and other gases andcontaminants (e.g., NOx and SOx, particulates) may be discharged to theenvironment in the effluent from the biomass growth module at a lowerrate per unit time than the rate per unit time than the carbon dioxideand other gases and particulates may be delivered to the biomass growthmodule from the exhaust gas of the thermal plant.

With reference to FIG. 6, in an embodiment, the biomass growth modulecomprises a BGU 600 with a growing subunit 602, which optionallyreceives exhaust gases, or the treated exhaust gases and/or liquidse.g., from the pollution entrainment module 712, pollution controlmodule 704 and/or other treatment technology, wherein they may becombined with a water source, optional nutrient stream 620 and/or otherelements to promote growth. A biomass “seed” source, may be added tostart and/or support or enable biomass growth. In photosyntheticembodiments, carbon dioxide and/or other gases, e.g., harmful gases, maybe used to produce biomass, and oxygen may be released. The oxygen maybe stored and/or transferred; the oxygen may be used in other processese.g., in the Plan; and/or the oxygen may be marketed e.g., FIG. 25.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 25, the oxygen produced in the BGM and/orfrom other sources e.g., FIG. 25 may be injected in whole or in partinto the inflow of any thermal plant combustion technology as a means toreduce the formation of NOx in thermal plant emissions, and/or toprovide other potential benefits in combustion processes.

In an embodiment, one or more bioreactors may be used in the biomassgrowth module and/or in any BGU comprised by the BGM, and/or in anygrowing subunit comprised by a BGU.

In an embodiment a bioreactor may be a partially or fully enclosedstructure comprising water, gases, nutrients and/or other elements usedto grow biomass, inlets to allow entry of required elements, and/oroutlets for biomass, biofuel, water, gases, and/or other elements to bereleased. A bioreactor that allows for penetration of light into thebiomass for use in photosynthetic processes may be termed aphotobioreactor.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, BGUs comprised by the BGM which may beused in an embodiment comprise open ponds, closed ponds, channels, highrate ponds, waste stabilization ponds, other ponds of any descriptionand/or other water bodies or portions thereof, whether covered or opento the environment, and/or other open or closed systems of any kindadapted for biomass growth. BGUs may comprise nutrient streams, waterstreams, external and/or internal lighting, water jets, paddle wheelsand/or other liquid movement and/or agitation technologies, gas deliverytechnologies for the delivery of CO2 and/or other gases, and/or any ofthe wide variety of technologies employed to enhance biomass growthand/or processing.

In an embodiment, solar energy may be captured for use in the methodand/or systems described herein. For example solar energy may becaptured in the form of a closed or open basin of any configurationcomprising the use of water in decorative water features such as pools,fountains, lakes, etc. (e.g., used to enhance the visual appeal thePlan), and/or a solar thermal technology, such as a solar tower, solartrough, and/or other solar thermal unit of any description, may be usedto heat water to an elevated temperature before entrance into the BGMand/or other modules of the Plan, to heat the intake water for anoptional desalination unit, and/or for any other use of water e.g., inthe Plan (e.g., FIG. 3). In colder climates, or at cooler times of day,where cold water may be advantageous, the water comprised by the basinmay be used to bring cooling to the Plan.

Generally, most aquatic biomass species may be believed to groweffectively only between approximately 37° N and 37° S latitude, andwhen overnight temperatures drop, and/or daytime temperatures may be toohigh, aquatic biomass growth can slow or stop. Photosynthetic biomassmay have sufficient light resource in many parts of the world wheretemperature limitations prevent or slow growth. The disclosed Plan maybe intended to provide a solution to the issue of temperaturelimitations in growing biomass worldwide. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG.2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19,20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/or description relevant toheat capture and/or transfer, and/or FIG. 6, heat, e.g., waste heat,and/or cogenerated cooling from the thermal plant, the water dischargefrom HTP, and/or other heat-intensive process e.g., in the Plan (e.g.,FIG. 2) may be provided to counteract temperature variations in thebiomass growth module, a BGU within the BGM, and/or any component(s) ofany BGU due to e.g., ambient temperature change and/or other reasonsthat may be detrimental to optimal biomass growth. In this manner theco-location of the thermal plant and/or other heat sources and biomassgrowth module may enable daily and/or year-around operation andoptimization of the biomass growth module, e.g., a 24/7 operation, anduse in temperate climates where biomass, such as algae cannot groweffectively at ambient temperatures for all or part of the year, or evenin extremely cold climates, like arctic regions, where it may be muchtoo cold to grow biomass effectively in a normal biomass growth system.In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E,15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer and/or FIG. 6,cooling from the thermal plant (e.g., using cogenerated coolingtechnologies), and/or other means to bring cooling into the Plan and/orreclaim cooling, e.g., FIG. 2, and as otherwise disclosed herein and/orin any manner know to those skilled in the art, may allow for biomassgrowth in warm or even in extremely hot environments (e.g., deserts)which could normally hinder growth rates and/or limit the speciesavailable for use. Cooling generated in this fashion may also be used togenerate cooling such as air conditioning and/or refrigeration forcooling buildings, for cooling and/or refrigeration of biomass products,for use in biomass refining, such as condensing solvents evaporated offafter extraction, for condensing and/or cooling other process gases,liquids and/or solids throughout the Plan, and/or for other usespotentially onsite and/or offsite.

In an embodiment related to biomass growth methods and systems and planstherefor, e.g., FIG. 6, the biomass growth module, certain BGUscomprising it, and/or certain components comprising a BGU may beinstalled in contact with the ground, partially or fully underground, incontact with water, and/or partially or fully submerged in water as maybe most beneficial to the location with consideration of temperaturestability and optimization. For example, in Artic/Antarctic coldclimates, the biomass growth module and/or any of its components (e.g.,a bioreactor) may be preferably fully or partially underground, and/orin a container (e.g., a tank) filled with water, air and/or other fluid.Either the ground, the water, the surrounding air, and/or any othermaterial in contact with, and/or flowing into a BGM, BGU, or BGU subunit(e.g., source water) may be heated by the thermal plant e.g., usingwaste heat and/or primary process heat e.g., as described herein, and/orother heat source e.g., in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2), and/or cooled e.g.,using cogenerated cooling from the thermal plant heat, optionally wasteheat, and/or other cool fluid source (e.g., FIG. 2, as otherwisedisclosed herein, and/or as known to those in the art), to maintain abeneficial temperature for biomass growth. In an embodiment, dischargesfrom the BGM, piping, and/or other components e.g., in the Plan,likewise may be installed partially or wholly underground. The groundwhich contacts the BGM, BGM component(s) and/or other components e.g.,in the Plan may be heated and/or cooled using heat and/or cogeneratedcooling from the thermal plant and/or heat from other sources e.g., inthe Plan and/or other sources (e.g., geothermal heat, if locallyavailable, solar thermal technologies such as solar troughs and/ortowers, and/or other sources or technologies). In an embodiment, the BGMor any of its components may be designed to float on the top of water,where the water helps to regulate the temperature, and the movement ofwater in contact with the BGM component (e.g., waves and/or currents)may be utilized in mixing the biomass and/or other elements contained inthe BGM. In an embodiment, if the BGM may be in contact with and/orpartially or fully submerged in water, a water tank, pool, and/or otherwater structure may be used to contain the water, and heat and/orcooling, generated by the thermal plant, its output and/or other heatsource(s) e.g., in the Plan (e.g. FIG. 2) may be used to regulate thetemperature in the water structure in order to maintain optimaltemperature in the biomass growth module or its component(s). In one ormore embodiments, the biomass growth module may alternatively oradditionally comprise devices and/or structures to contain and/orcontrol the flow of air around the biomass growth module or any of itscomponents and to the heat and/or cool the air in order to regulate thebiomass growth module or its components' temperature using air, othergas, and/or vapor. Heated air, other gas and/or vapor and/or cogeneratedcooling air may be generated from the thermal plant and/or other sourcese.g., in the Plan, and/or other sources may be used for this purpose(e.g., waste heat and/or cooling in air may be directed to a greenhouseor other structure containing the BGM). In an embodiment, heatexchangers, repositioning, restructuring, covers, heat to and/or fromthe biomass growth module or any of its components, electricity, heatand/or cooling generated by the thermal plant and/or other sources e.g.,in the Plan evaporative techniques and/or any other means and/orstructure suitable to transferring to conserve heat and/or release orotherwise mitigate excess heat may be used to regulate the temperatureof a BGM, a BGU, a subunit and/or any of its components, optionallyusing sensors with automation (e.g., to measure temperature or otheraspect of the system and/or Plan and enact a change to the system),and/or any other method known to those of skill in the art wherefeasible in the implementation and operation of these techniques.

In an embodiment, biomass growth may be performed in a batch method,semi-continuous, or continuous method in any BGU. Feedwater for any BGUor BGU component may be treated to remove or reduce constituents of anykind that may be detrimental to biomass growth, for example, if metalslevels may be too high, and would be lethal to the biomass, the watermay be treated to remove metals before use in the BGU. Feedwater for anyBGU and/or BGU component may be used from any source e.g., in the Plan(See FIG. 3), and may also be treated in any other way known to the artto optimize biomass growth, for example, the addition of chemicals toadjust pH, the addition of nutrients, minerals, combination with otherwater sources and/or any other treatment method known to the art tooptimize biomass growth based on the particular conditions of thesystem, comprising the biomass strain(s) in use, climate, temperaturevariations, and/or any other factor which may affect the growth ofbiomass. In an embodiment, feedwater may also be preheated in any mannerwater and/or a water/biomass slurry may be heated or cooled e.g., asdescribed herein, comprising any process(es) in FIGS. 2, 3, 7 a, 7B, 11,12, or 14-22, may be preheated or precooled by use in decorative waterfeatures, such as pools, fountains, and/or lakes, preheated using solarthermal technology (e.g., solar towers and/or solar troughs), and/or inany manner known to the person of skill in the art, and afterwardsdirected to the BGU in whole or in part as feedwater for the BGM or anyBGM component.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, a WWTP or any of its components may beadapted for use as a BGM, or to support the function of a BGM. WWTPponds may be generally too deep to be optimal for biomass growth, suchas algae. The WWTP ponds may be filled in to provide more shallow pondssuitable to aquatic biomass, and stirring and a carbon dioxide sourcemay be added, e.g., a raceway design. Alternatively, lighting may beadded below the pond surface to light the deep WWTP ponds in order tomake them suitable for biomass growth, such as algae. If beneficial,WWTP ponds and/or other structures may be used to contain water that maybe in contact with BGM or any of its components in order to regulate thetemperature of the BGM or any of its components. For example, BGUbioreactors may be fully and/or partially submerged in or otherwise putin contact with (e.g. floating on) ponds currently or formerly used aspart of a WWTP in order to create a more stable temperature in thebioreactor. Also, WWTP ponds and/or other structures may be heatedand/or cooled using heat and/or cooling generated in the thermal plant,and/or from other sources (e.g., in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 3) in order tooptimize the BGM or any of its components. Any of these adaptations of aWWTP to support a BGM may be used with active WWTPs to the extentpractical, and/or those that may be converted over or retrofitted tofunction as or support the operations of BGMs, BGUs, and/or othercomponents of BGMs, and may be no longer used as WWTPs.

In an embodiment, heat transfer mechanisms not specifically describedherein for generating power from heat by way of steam, electricity, orotherwise, or for extracting heat from water, gases, or otherwise, andmay be known by the person of ordinary skill in the art may be usede.g., in the Plan wherever heat transfer may occur.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, and/or description regarding BGUoperation and/or design, notwithstanding the construction and/oroperation of the biomass growth module(s) comprising embodiments thatinclude photosynthesis, non-photosynthetic, and/or a mixture ofprocesses for biomass growth, the design may include structures topartially block, redirect, filter, concentrate, and/or otherwise modifylight being introduced into the biomass growth module or individualBGUs, BGU subunits, and/or other BGU components. For example, in anembodiment, a photosynthetic bioreactor used to grow biomass using lightmay be configured to grow an organism or organisms also in the dark byselectively blocking and/or filtering sunlight at predefined timesand/or in response to detected conditions and selectively unblockingand/or removing such filters of the sunlight at other times and/or underother detected and/or selected conditions. Different wavelengths oflight may also be directed to a BGU or subunit or filtered out wherebeneficial (e.g., FIG. 8) either using equipment outside of thebioreactor, and/or by modifying the bioreactor itself (e.g., thebioreactor coating may be configured to selectively filter light).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 8, a system and method may be used toselect a portion of the spectrum of light and using it to photostress anorganism, e.g., algae, using filters, selectively reflective surfacesand/or BGU materials, and/or other means to alter light in a way mostsuitable to the growth of desirable biomass and/or products generatedtherefrom (e.g., stressing through the use of certain wavelengths oflight). These processes may be used to alter and/or select lightfrequencies directed to any subunit of any BGU. For example, withreference to FIG. 8, in an embodiment, hot mirror 810A or othertechnology suited to the purpose receives sunlight and/or artificiallight source, and reflects predominantly blue light 811 into a first BGU802 while allowing other wavelengths of light 812 to pass through to asecond stage reflector 810B, which reflects predominantly red light 814into another BGU 804, and all remaining wavelength of light 816 may beallowed to pass through to another BGU 806. Alternatively, the remainingwavelengths of light 812 may go directly to a BGU without 810B to endthe process. Alternatively, the BGU 806 may be eliminated from any ofthese configurations, wherein remaining wavelengths may be not directedto a BGU. Red and blue light in FIG. 8 may be only exemplary. Anywavelengths of light in the visible and/or invisible ranges may be usedsimilarly. In this manner, or using other variations of sequence ordifferent wavelengths of light in reflection in the same manner, or inother ways known to those in the art, different wavelengths of light maybe used where most beneficial in the biomass growth process.

In reference to FIG. 8 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a system800 configured to provide selected wavelengths of light to a BGU or acomponent thereof comprising a hot mirror or other light-selectivesurface 810A in operative communication with the BGU and which mirror orother surface is configured to selectively reflect, or direct awavelength or range of wavelengths of light 811, 812 to a BGU or acomponent thereof 802, 806. An embodiment includes the system whereinselective wavelengths of light 812 are allowed to pass through the hotmirror or other light-selective surface 810A. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein the selective wavelengths of light 812 are directed to aBGU or BGU component 806. An embodiment includes the system wherein theselected wavelengths of light 812 are directed to a second hot mirror orother light-selective surface 810B. An embodiment includes the systemwherein selected wavelengths of light 814 are reflected or directed fromthe second hot mirror or other light-selective surface 810B into or ontoa BGU or BGU component 804. An embodiment includes the system whereinselective wavelengths of light 816 are allowed to pass through the hotmirror or other light-selective surface 810B. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein the selective wavelengths of light 816 are directed to aBGU or BGU component 806.

In reference to FIG. 8 an embodiment of the disclosure includes a methodfor providing selected wavelengths of light to one or more BGUs or BGUcomponents comprising receiving light onto a hot mirror or otherlight-selective surface 810A wherein the hot mirror or otherlight-selective surface is in operative communication with the BGU, andselectively reflecting or directing the wavelengths of light, anddirecting the selective wavelengths of light 811, 812 to a BGU or a BGUcomponent 802, 806. An embodiment includes the method wherein selectivewavelengths of light 812 are allowed to pass through the hot mirror orother light-selective surface 810A. An embodiment includes the methodwherein the selective wavelengths of light 812 are directed to a BGU orBGU component 806. An embodiment includes the method further comprisingdirecting the selected wavelengths of light 812 to a second hot mirroror other light-selective surface 810B, and selectively reflecting ordirecting the second selected wavelengths 814, 816 to a BGU or a BGUcomponent 804, 806. An embodiment includes the method wherein selectedwavelengths of light 816 are allowed to pass through the hot mirror orother light-selective surface 810B. An embodiment includes the methodwherein the selected wavelengths of light 816 are directed to a BGU orBGU component 806.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, the biomass growth module may containadequate structures, control modules, hardware and software, such asvalves to inject or release gases, liquids, and/or solids as necessaryto maintain optimal biomass growth. Sensors may be used to detect anycondition in the BGM or any of its components, atmosphere, and/orsurrounding systems, to send a signal to a control system, which maythen trigger an automatic response to make an adjustment to BGM and/orits supporting systems (e.g., systems connected to and/or in operativecommunication with, and/or otherwise providing inputs, receiving outputsand/or otherwise interacting with the BGM in any way to affect itsoperations, e.g., in the Plan). For example, a sensor may monitor BGMcomponent temperature, and trigger an automated response to releaseadditional heated water into a pool, heating a BGM component to optimizeits temperature. This automated system may be controlled by computer.The computer software may employ algorithms based on data and/orintelligent adaptive controls.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 25, oxygen and/or other gases released froma BGU may be collected and stored and/or rerouted for use inheterotrophic biomass growth processes, in a WWTP, in other processesbeneficial to the Plan, and/or may be marketed. In an embodiment, oxygencollected from a BGU may be injected in whole or in part into thermalplant combustion processes to reduce NOx emissions.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6 the BGM may comprise not only onetechnology design, but possibly an array of different BGUs which may usean array of bioreactors, tanks, ponds, with any necessary supportingsubunits e.g., FIG. 6, other designs suited to the purpose and/or anycombination of technologies designed to grow and/or process biomass.

In an embodiment, A BGM may be composed of one or more BGUs e.g., FIG.5. A BGU may be any system for growing/developing/preparing biomass,comprising a growing subunit, and any supplementary subunits to supportbiomass growth within that particular BGU, such as a nutrient supply,stressing subunit, and/or any other subunits necessary to the BGU'ssystem (e.g., FIG. 6 and Patent US 2009/0197322 A1, incorporated hereinby reference in the US Provisional Application No. 62173905, filed Jun.10, 2015, Appendix 2) and/or other possible components and/or processesthat may be used in a BGU. In an embodiment, other systems and/orcomponents may be used that may be suitable to support biomass growth.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 5, one or more BGUs of any configurationcomposing a BGM may be used and/or connected in series and/or inparallel, may share any component(s), may flow into each other in wholeor in part. FIG. 5 represents some example configurations of the BGM. InFIG. 5, lines with arrows indicate inflows and outflows, and lineswithout arrows represent sharing, comprising sharing from one BGU toanother or back and forth of any material (comprising inflows and/oroutflows) from any subunit(s) comprised by the BGUs. Example 1: A SingleBGU, Example 2: BGUs in series, Example 3: BGUs in parallel with nosharing. Example 4: BGUs in parallel with sharing. 5.) BGUs in parallelwith sharing and only one outflow. 6.) Multiple BGUs in a variety ofsharing and inflow and outflow configurations. The illustratedconfigurations may be only examples, and any configuration of BGUs maybe used to comprise the BGM.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6, or other figures and/or descriptionregarding BGUs, in lieu of ponds or photobioreactors to grow biomass,any of the biomass BGUs may utilize other technologies, such as thoseinvolving fermentation processes, heterotrophic biomass growth(requiring no sunlight), mixotrophic biomass growth, and/or any othersystem herein disclosed and/or known to those in the art that may beviable in producing biomass and/or biofuels. Any other systems that workdifferently to produce fuels and/or consume carbon dioxide, or newsystems developed in the future that perform these functions may also beused in the same fashion to perform the function of a BGU. The biomass,fuel(s), and/or products produced from any of these systems may be usede.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, different processes may be used forrefining/separating biomass, e.g., in a Refinery and/or BPP, representedin some figures of this disclosure as “Refinery/BPP”. Currently HTP maybe considered a preferred technology for biomass separation from waterand/or partial refining for biocrude and/or other fuels. Any equivalenttechnology and/or method that may be available to the person of ordinaryskill in the art may be used for these processes in the design or Planto allow for flexible use of different technologies known to the artwhere most beneficial in biomass separation and/or refining. Theresultant fuels may be used e.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, in making other biomass-derived products from biomassgenerated e.g., in the disclosed Plan (e.g., FIGS. 6, and 14),comprising higher value products such as pharmaceuticals andnutraceuticals as known to a person of ordinary skill in the art perPandey, et. al 2013 pgs. 205-233.

Other methods may be used to process biomass comprising: filtration,screening, centrifugation, flotation (comprising dissolved air andhydrogen), flocculation, bio-flocculation, gravity settling, gravitythickener, and/or other techniques as known to a person of ordinaryskill in the art, e.g., Shelef, et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013pgs. 85-110.

In reference to FIG. 14 the separation unit 1404 separates biomass 1404aand/or 1403 from water 1406 and may be achieved through filtration,screening, centrifugation, flotation (comprising dissolved air andhydrogen), flocculation, bio-flocculation, gravity settling, gravitythickener, and/or other techniques as known to a person of ordinaryskill in the art and/or e.g., Shelef, et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al,2013 pgs. 85-110.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 7A and/or 7B, and unexpectedly,sulfur capture may be affected by the process of the disclosure. Sulfurmay be often a constituent in fuels burned in the thermal plant. Whenburned, sulfur produces primarily sulfur dioxide (SO2). In the presenceof water, sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a weak acid.Thus, oxides of sulfur that may be often problematic in gaseous exhaust,requiring scrubbers and/or other technologies to clean up thermal plantexhaust, may here be used to advantage to promote additional remediationof exhaust gases and/or the water in the system, whether exhaust gasesmay be processed through a pollution entrainment module in an exhaustgas recovery module, and/or a pollution control module (e.g., FIGS. 7Aor 7B) and/or other technology suited to the purpose, and/or useddirectly in the biomass growth module. In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 7A,7B, and/or 22, sulfurous acid may be collected from the pollutionentrainment module, and/or pollution control module (e.g., FIGS. 7Aand/or 7B), a wet scrubber, and/or a two pass wet scrubber's first passand/or second pass 2240, 2276 (e.g. FIG. 22), and/or other exhaust gaspurification technology and/or used to further remediate exhaust gasesand/or alkaline and/or salty soils or water.

In an embodiment, the Plan may comprise one or more of the followingfeatures: a biomass growth module using wastewater and serving somefunctions of a wastewater treatment plant, a freshwater BGU, a saltwaterBGU, a brackish water BGU and/or other BGU type(s) e.g., as describedherein; a traditional bacteria-based wastewater treatment plant; asludge processing plant; a thermal plant, which may comprise powergeneration from fuels and/or waste, and/or other heat-intensiveprocesses; a desalination plant; a biofuel/biomass processing plant; awaste-handling and/or recycling plant; a biofuel research center; awater bottling/biomass products bottling/packaging plant; anon-technical facility such as a shipping area; a site maintenancefacility; non-production office space; an assembly area, such as aconvention center, a tower, decorative and/or water-treatment fountain(e.g., oxygenation of water) pool(s) and/or a lake(s) and/or other bodyof water e.g., for discharge of water to the environment, or as a waterreservoir for supply of water to the biomass growth module, thermalplant, and/or other modules herein disclosed.

In an embodiment, a thermal plant may provide heat and/or optionallypower for the Plan and/or optionally for the grid. Solid waste may beprocessed and waste recycled when possible or used in a WTE technologyto produce energy. A WWTBGU may treat wastewater, mitigate carbondioxide produced onsite, produce biofuel for use as a power sourceonsite, and/or may use other water source(s) to produce an array offuels and other products for export offsite. A conventional wastewatertreatment plant may exist prior to, and/or alongside, biomass growthunit-based WWT plant, or WWTBGU. The resultant treated water from eitherprocess may be used for industrial, firefighting, landscaping,irrigation and/or other purposes. A sludge processing plant may processsludge from WWTBGU(s) and/or WWTP(s) and use it to produce soilssubstrates, fertilizer, fuels (by hydrothermal processing and/or othermethods), and/or other products. A saltwater and/or brackish waterbiomass growth unit may produce biofuel and/or other valuable productsfrom seawater while mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. Water may bebrought in from the sea, desalinated in the desalination plant, and usede.g., for drinking and/or many other functions of the Plan and thecommunity. All of the production products and byproducts produced e.g.,in the Plan may be used synergistically to provide the maximalecological benefit. In an embodiment, the facility may be substantiallyself-contained and self-sustainable with respect to energy use, wateruse, mitigation of CO2 and other harmful emissions, wastewater treatmentand/or waste treatment.

Wastewater Treatment Biomass Growth Unit/Conventional WastewaterTreatment Plant: In an embodiment, A BGU may grow biomass usingwastewater as the water source, and simultaneously perform wastewatertreatment of municipal wastewater, farm runoff, and/or other wastewaterin whole or in part. Other process steps known to one skilled in the artmay be added to achieve certain wastewater treatment goals. Such a BGU,with optional modules added as necessary for additional treatment may betermed a “Wastewater Treatment BGU” (WWTBGU).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6 or other figures and/or descriptionregarding BGUs, one or more traditional bacteria-based wastewatertreatment plant (WWTP), WWTBGU, both, or optionally more than one ofeach may be located proximate to where wastewater treatment may beimplemented in any embodiment. In this sense, optionally beingcollocated, the WWTP(s), and/or the WWTBGU(s) may form a locus ofwastewater treatment. These systems may also be operably connected toshare infrastructure in common, and/or may exchange gases (e.g., aphotosynthetic WWTBGU may supply oxygen to a WWTP, and/or a WWTP maysupply CO2 to a photosynthetic WWTBGU, e.g., as described herein, e.g.,FIGS. 4 and 25). In an embodiment, one of these plants or BGU systemtypes may be built first, followed later by the other, wherein theoriginal system may continue to operate, or may be later partially orfully converted to the other system type for treating wastewater (e.g.,a WWTP may be built first, and a WWTBGU may be added later to operateconcurrently or to replace a WWTP in whole or in part). Consequently,the design, system or Plan may have either system, or both. Synergiesexist between the two systems when collocated, and also in the casewhere a WWTP exists first, and it may be then converted to a WWTBGU, asdescribed below.

In an embodiment, e.g., with reference to FIG. 3, an unexpected benefitmay be synergies of both WWTP and WWTBGU systems with the remainder ofthe Plan. Wash water and spilled water and/or biomass from the optionalwater bottling/biomass products bottling/packaging plant may be sent tothe WWTP/WWTBGU for treatment, reclamation of water, or a substantialportion thereof, for example from 60 to 100% of the wash water and/orspilled water, or from 60 to 90% or from 60 to 80% or from 60 to 70% ofthe water. Wastewater from all other plants e.g., in the Plan may besent to WWTP/WWTBGU comprising water used to cool the thermal plant, ifacceptable to these systems, or may undergo treatment, and then sent tothese systems.

In an embodiment, WWTBGUs may use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen,whereas WWTPs may be bacteria-based, and therefore, use oxygen andrelease carbon dioxide in the wastewater treatment process. WWTBGUs maybe generally preferred e.g., in the Plan for this reason, but in certaincases, WWTPs may be preferable and may be implemented either alone or inconjunction with a WWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 4, a WWTBGU may be used alongside a WWTP,whereby it may be used to mitigate the CO2 from the WWTP, and provide O2to the WWTP (e.g., in photosynthetic embodiments) to achieve near zerocarbon dioxide release in wastewater treatment. Oxygen generated by aWWTBGU and/or other BGU may also be captured, exported and/or marketed,injected into thermal plant combustion processes for reduction of NOxemissions and/or for other uses e.g., FIG. 25.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, HTP discharge water may serve asfeedwater for a BGU in whole or in part. This water source may containhigher levels of carbon and/or other materials left after HTP, notunlike wastewater, which may require remediation and/or may facilitatebiomass growth. In this case, the water source may be salt water, freshwater, and/or any other water type discussed herein as a possible watersource type in a BGU which has been processed through HTP. In additionto treatment of the water by use of the residual carbon and/or possiblyother material in the water, the synergies of the BGU using HTPwastewater may be the same as the type of source water used for the HTPprocess.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, HTP wastewater may be processed in amanner similar to BGM outflow fluid 117. Its higher carbon content mayprovide a concentrated carbon stream which may be mixed with BGM outflowfluid and/or separately processed by taking it through any processingsteps undertaken by the BGM outflow fluid 117.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 6 and/or any figure or description relevantto a WWTBGU, a WWTBGU may effectively perform minimally what may becommonly referred to in the wastewater treatment industry as “secondarytreatment” of wastewater to a degree that may be superior to that of atraditional WWTP. Primary and possibly tertiary treatment may be neededto complete the process to typical municipal wastewater treatmentstandards. If a standard WWTP may be in operation, and may be lateradapted into a WWTBGU as understood by a person of ordinary skill in theart, and/or in accordance with embodiments in this disclosure, or ifoperating alongside the WWTBGU, the primary and/or tertiary treatmentinfrastructure initially developed for the WWTP may also be adapted foruse in the WWTBGU or shared with the WWTBGU, and if a WWTP may beadapted to a WWTBGU, possibly parts or all of the secondary treatmentinfrastructure may be adapted for use in the WWTBGU. If only a WWTBGUmay be built, and some aspects of primary and/or tertiary treatment maybe not needed, those steps may be eliminated, reducing infrastructureand operation and maintenance costs.

In an embodiment, biomass from the BGM may be used to generate a largevariety of useful products for use onsite and/or export offsite. Someexamples for onsite use include bioplastics, which may be used in thewater bottling/biomass products bottling/packaging plant for packaging,and biomass-based lubricants that may be used in machinery throughoutthe site. In an embodiment, e.g. FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C,12D, 12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or otherfigures and/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer,thermal plant waste heat and/or primary process heat and/or cogeneratedcooling may be used in many applications to process biomass. In anembodiment e.g., FIGS. 1 and/or 14, biomass products requiring bottlingmay be bottled in a collocated water bottling/biomass productsbottling/packaging plant (BBPP). In an embodiment, solid biomassproducts and/or biomass products in oil may also be packaged in thisplant.

Infrastructure Synergy: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24, an HTP moduleor unit, which may be used e.g., as described herein to process biomass,and/or similar methods, may also be used as a means of converting wasteinto energy. HTP and/or equivalent technologies to a person of ordinaryskill may be used to convert a wide variety of organic materials toproduce biocrude. An HTP module or unit or equivalent processing systemsset up for biomass may be shared with those being used to process solidwaste. HTL may be conducted in accordance with the PNNL process patentWO 2013/184317A1 e.g., FIG. 9. Other variations of HTP and/or similarprocesses suited to the purpose may also be used.

Other Freshwater Biomass Growth Units: In an embodiment, a BGU may useother fresh water sources besides wastewater. A BGU which uses freshwater without wastewater content may be termed a Freshwater BGU (FWBGU).Such fresh water sources may comprise water drawn from lakes, streams,WWTP/WWTBGU outputs, and/or other sources when not containingsignificant amounts of wastewater. A FWBGU may carry the same synergieswith the Plan as a WWTBGU, except that wastewater will not be treated.

In one or more embodiments, a BGU may also use fresh water that may bepartly wastewater and partly non-wastewater. Such as system may betermed a Mixed Freshwater BGU (MFWBGU). The likelihood of nutrientdeficiency for biomass growth may be greater in non-wastewater orpartial wastewater sources. An additional nutrient stream may be addedto any BGU water source where needed to facilitate biomass growth. Thenutrient stream may comprise nitrates, phosphorus, and/or possibly othernutrients appropriate to biomass growth.

Salt Water Biomass Growth Unit (Salt water/Brine Water/Brackish Water):In an embodiment, a salt water BGU uses salt water as a primary mediumcomprising optionally any one or any combination of salt water sources(e.g., sea water, brine water, and/or brackish water). A salt water BGU(SWBGU) would carry all of the same benefits and/or synergies with thePlan as a WWTBGU, except that the water used in a SWBGU and the SWBGUdischarge water would be salt water, so wastewater would not be treatedby this process, and some pretreatment and/or post treatment steps usedfor wastewater may not be necessary. The SWBGU discharge water would beused as appropriate for salt water e.g., in the Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3, a salt water BGUdischarge from any module e.g., in the Plan, or biomass/water slurry,and/or treated biomass/water slurry after BGM post treatment steps asnoted in FIG. 1, which comprises a biomass and/or biofuel laden saltwater may operate substantially free of primary and/or tertiarytreatment, and/or may be used in the same methods and/or systemsdescribed for other BGU discharges e.g., in the Plan, comprising: use ascooling water in the thermal plant; to perform hydrothermal processing(HTP); to preheat for HTP, and/or other biomass processing technologies,in decorative water features, and/or in other functions e.g., in thePlan. If the BGU and/or BGU discharge may be heated in any manner, theheat may be reclaimed before discharge by one of the methods givenherein. After biomass production and/or other uses within the Plan, thesalt water used may be mixed and/or discharged along with the optionaldesalination plant brine discharge, providing some dilution effect tothe brine discharge, and/or may be reclaimed and used as noted e.g., inthe Plan (See FIG. 3).

In an embodiment, a SWBGU may be used instead of or concurrently with aWWTBGU and/or other BGU.

In an embodiment, a SWBGU may share infrastructure with the optionaldesalination plant, comprising, for example, the water intake from thesea, pumps, pipes, heat use, water use and/or an outfall. In anembodiment, a SWBGU may use salt water separately from the desalinationplant, it may receive brine as source water from the desalination plant,and/or its output may be directed to the desalination plant (seedescription in desalination section).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 14, a SWBGU may use regularsalt water, such as seawater and/or may use the brine discharge (rejecthigh salinity water from the optional desalination plant) to growbiomass. The resultant discharge water from a brine water SWBGU may betreated the same way as brine discharge described herein, but may belower in nutrient content, lower in some mineral content, biologicalmaterials, and/or other chemicals than seawater, after processingthrough a SWBGU, which may allow for the production of different biomassproducts, salt, and/or other products from the brine than seawater,and/or production of the same products more efficiently (e.g., moreeasily isolated from contaminants). The high salinity of a brine waterSWBGU may also be more effective than other water sources at preventinginvasive biomass species from invading a BGU, as fewer plant species cangrow in high salinity water.

With reference to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, a SWBGU may be usedconcurrently with a WWTBGU and/or FWBGU, either using separate watersupplies, or BGU water sources and/or system components may be partiallyor completely combined at any stage of their respective processes, toform a “brackish water biomass growth module” (BWBGU), where thecombined water biomass system uses a brackish water combination of saltwater and fresh water, and/or r a BWBGU may receive brackish waterinput(s) (e.g., from a brackish water lagoon), and/or a mixture of waterof different salinities from different intakes, offsite sources and/ormixtures from onsite module, unit, or subunit water outputs. Thedischarge brackish water from the combined water biomass system may beused to dilute the optional desalination plant brine discharge using anybrine discharge method. Optionally, as suitable, brackish water broughtinto the Plan from any source(s), and/or the BWBGU's discharge brackishwater may be used as source water for desalination.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 3, a BWBGU may be implemented by the use ofa combination of any fresh and saltwater sources optionally comprisingwastewater of any description, salt water, brine water (e.g., from theoptional desalination plant), non-waste fresh water and/or other watersources. It may have the combined synergies of a system that wouldnormally use the water sources being combined, but the resultingbrackish water discharge may be discharged e.g., as in the desalinationplant, used to dilute the brine discharge, and/or may be reused inmanners determined to be acceptable for cooling and/or other purposes,e.g., as in the treated wastewater system, given resultant salinity. Theresulting discharge if not useful otherwise, may be discharged to thesea and/or by other salt water disposal methods either with or withoutdilution.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 3, after desalination, the desalinationplant brine discharge may be diluted to about the salinity of seawaterusing wastewater, fresh water, salt water and/or other water source(s).The combined water substrate may then be used in the BGM to growbiomass. This embodiment may provide a greater volume of useful waterthan using only wastewater and/or other fresh water in the BGM, whereinthe BGM water discharge may be later combined with the brine dischargeto dilute it for discharge to sea. Working with water in the BGM thathas a salinity comparable with ocean salinity allows for the use ofbiomass growth systems that have been developed on the market to operateusing salt water, and in the case of a brine water combination withwastewater, the mixture may provide a better source of nutrients thanmay be present in salt water alone, and, result in better biomass growthand/or production, while also treating wastewater.

Biomass Growth Units Combined to Meet Different Project Goals: In anembodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 6, 11, and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to integration of Plan components with BGUs, allBGUs described herein may be implemented in different combinations, inmultiples, in connection and/or communication (e.g., FIG. 5, connectedsystems depicted), and/or different orders of priority to achieveparticular project goals. For example, in order to mitigate all carbondioxide and to treat all wastewater available to the Plan, in anembodiment, a WWTBGU may be built first to treat all of the wastewateravailable, and a SWBGU or FWBGU not using wastewater may be designed andimplemented to mitigate any remaining CO2 in the event a WWTBGU's use ofCO2 may be maximized given the wastewater supply, and additional CO2from the thermal plant still remains to be used. In this embodiment, theSWBGU or FWBGU not using wastewater may be scaled according to theremaining CO2 supply to achieve zero net carbon dioxide productiononsite. Any other BGU type(s) may also be used instead of or in additionto the WWTBGU and/or SWBGU or FWBGU not using wastewater in this exampleif considered more advantageous. For example, a FWBGU may be usedinstead of a WWTBGU where wastewater treatment may be not feasible ordesirable as a component of a particular project.

Potable Water: In an embodiment, a WWTP and/or WWTBGU with additionalprocessing steps may be designed to produce potable water in the eventof emergency or where local society accepts it for consumption.

WWTP/WWTBGU/MFWBGU Solids/Sludge: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24B,solids and/or sludge from the WWTP, WWTBGU, MFWBGU, and/or other BGUsdescribed herein may be processed in a gasification module (e.g., CHG,anaerobically digested) to produce biogas for power generation in thethermal plant. In an embodiment, all or part of the biomass from the BGMmay also be processed in a gasification module along with the solidsreferenced or separately using the same gasification equipment, toproduce a biogas; and/or WWTP and/or WWTBGU solids may be injected intothe WWTBGU for use in biomass growth; and/or any of the solidsreferenced may be processed in an HTP system (either the biomass HTPsystem described herein and/or a separate one) to produce biocrude forpower generation in the thermal plant, with the remaining residue beingprocessed by any of the above methods; and/or the solids may beprocessed in another WTE and/or other technology to produce power and/orfuel (e.g., pyrolysis-based WTE, cellulosic ethanol and/or othermethods) for use in the thermal plant.

In an embodiment, optionally, sludge as generated in any of thesesystems, and/or the portion remaining after processing in a gasificationmodule and/or another process above may be used as generated, and/orcomposted and/or treated with lime, carbon, ash from WTE processes,biomass from the BGM, and/or other additives to produce a soil amendmentfor agricultural purposes in a sludge processing plant.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 24B, 24C and 10, biogas generated byprocessing biomass in a gasification module (e.g., using CHG and/oranaerobic digesters), and optionally from a landfill used in any onsiteprocess may be used to generate power in the thermal plant. The biogasfrom the gasification module technologies may undergo processing toprepare it for use as fuels and/or storage, comprising drying, hydrogensulfide and/or other pollutant removal, blending with other fuels,condensation to liquids, and/or other techniques known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Gasification module(s), such as CHGmodule(s), anaerobic digesters and/or gas purification, drying,condensation to liquids, treatment, storage and/or heating and/orrelated infrastructure optionally may be shared by BGM biomass, BGMsludge, and/or WWTP sludge and/or the resulting biogas and/or otherbiogas sources, such as an optional landfill, and/or other optionalsources of natural gas, such as natural gas imported from offsite. Anythermal plant technologies utilizing gaseous fuels (e.g., naturalgas-fired combustion turbines) and/or related infrastructure may beshared by any or all of the foregoing systems, and/or also other sourcesof combustible gas, such as natural gas delivered from offsite for usein the thermal plant.

Description of Anaerobic Digesters: In an embodiment, thermophilicdigestion, mesophilic digestion and/or another method of anaerobicdigestion and/or a combination of several methods may be used to treatsludge and/or biomass. Biogas generated by anaerobic digestion may beused in fuel cells, turbines, internal combustion engines, and/or othertechnologies suited to the purpose. In an embodiment, anaerobicdigesters may be heated to maintain optimal temperature or when theoutside temperature may be less than 35° C. Equipment for the anaerobicdigesters may comprise heat exchangers using hot water or other heatsources. The heat may be supplied by the thermal plant and/or from heatrecovery and/or heated water discharge from the HTP process, other heatintensive biomass refining processes, and/or other processes e.g., inthe Plan from which heat may be recovered e.g., FIG. 2, and/or using aheat source dedicated to the anaerobic digester system.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24D, ponds, settling tanks and/or othertechnologies used in secondary WWTP may be used in a WWTBGU as well,and/or may share infrastructure if operating together, or in the eventof a switchover of a WWTP system to a WWTBGU, adaptation of initial WWTPponds, tanks and/or other infrastructure to later WWTBGU and/or otherBGU implementation, depending on design needs. In an embodiment, thismay also comprise primary treatment infrastructure for wastewater,comprising screens, clarifiers, flocculation technologies, settlingtechnologies, and/or other suitable primary wastewater treatmenttechnologies, and/or tertiary treatment technologies for wastewater,which may comprise tertiary clarifiers, disinfection technologies suchas UV, and/or other suitable tertiary wastewater treatment technologies.For example, a UV treatment system may be shared between a WWTBGU andWWTP where both may be used concurrently, or it may be adapted for usein a WWTBGU in the event a WWTBGU may be implemented to replace a WWTP.

Electrical: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24D, an electric substationnear the influent pumping equipment may be shared by the WWTBGU andWWTP, or adapted for replacement of the WWTP by a WWTBGU. Sensors,computer controls, control modules, software, hardware and/or otherelectrical systems may also be shared among these systems, adapted fromone to the other, and may be integrated with the rest of the modules,units, subunits, technologies, and/or other features of the systemand/or Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24D, an air/oxygen delivery system used forany purpose (e.g., a preexisting system used in a WWTP) may be adaptedand/or converted to a Carbon Dioxide delivery system, e.g., to support aphotosynthetic WWTBGU, or to an oxygen or air delivery system suited tobiomass growth in a BGU type that requires oxygen or air, or to anoxygen, air and/or carbon dioxide delivery system to support BGUs withthese requirements.

Construction: In an embodiment, a shared construction process andstructures, such as conduits may be utilized to reduce the materialsneeded and the costs of installing water lines to convey wastewater,gray water (partially or fully treated wastewater), salt water(comprising brackish and brine water), potable water and other waterlines for specific use in various purposes in the system and/or Plane.g., FIG. 2 (e.g., high temperature fresh water containingbiomass/water slurry, low temperature salt water, ambient temperaturebrackish water, warm fresh water, etc.) when various different waterlines may be used together to convey water in the Plan (e.g., when aWWTBGU and a desalination plant may be used together, and the waterlines for both systems may be installed in the same conduit).

In an embodiment, numerous thermal plant technologies may be usedindividually or together to comprise the thermal plant, from factoriesto portable power generation systems. There may be many possiblevariations in thermal plants, comprising thermal power plants that maybe used e.g., in the Plan, a wide variety of fuels that may be producedonsite and/or exported or imported from offsite (which may be determinedindividually for each project), using the ability onsite to usebiomass-generated fuels, some waste-to-energy technologies, HTP,cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol, and/or other processes to producea wide variety of fuels, supplemented by fuels selected from offsite(offsite fuels) based on local availability and any needs and/orefficiencies that may be gained by using and/or supplementing the Planwith offsite fuels (e.g., using offsite fuels to blend with biofuelsproduced onsite for better and/or different burn characteristics, usingoffsite fuels to produce additional power while mitigating emissionse.g., using the Plan, using the biomass generated to produce products,other uses described herein and/or known to those of skill in the art).Technologies used to produce fuels and/or fuel precursors may alsocomprise components of the thermal plant, such as pyrolysistechnologies, cellulosic ethanol, and others as herein disclosed.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, thermal plant technologies of any kindwhich may predate implementation of the Plan may be incorporated intothe Plan as the thermal plant module or a component or technology of thethermal plant module (e.g., an pre-existing coal-fired plant may beretrofitted to the Plan, and become part of the thermal plant module,which connects to the rest of the Plan). In an embodiment, any otherpre-existing component, technology, unit, subunit, feature, and/ormodule which may be retrofitted to become a technology, unit, subunit,feature and/or module and/or a means of connection and/or communicationbetween modules, units, subunits, technologies and/or other features ofthe Plan, or to otherwise to be comprised by any feature of the Plan,may be retrofitted and included into the Plan (e.g., a waste-to-energysystem, a WWTP, a BGM, a refinery, a BPP, a waste handling plant,recycling plant, a solar thermal technology, a desalination plant, aBBPP, a water intake, water lines, and/or any other module, unit,subunit technology and/or other component of the system and/or Plan).

FIG. 10 shows, in an embodiment how some fuels may be generated,directed and utilized e.g., in the Plan.

In an embodiment, a thermal plant may be designed to utilize any one ora number of different fuels, comprising potentially methane gas/naturalgas/biomass biogas, ethanol (produced by biomass plants, refined frombiomass, and/or from the cellulosic ethanol process) other fuels thatmay be derived from algae and/or other biomass biocrude, (comprisinggasoline, diesel, jet fuel, fuel oil, and/or other fuels), hydrogen gas,butanol and/or isobutanol from the cellulosic butanol and/or isobutanolprocess, biocrude from HTP processes such as HTL (both biomass-derivedand/or MSW and/or possibly other biomass-derived biocrudes, bio-oil,coal-like products (bio-coal), and/or other organic outputs from someWTE technologies utilizing waste (municipal, agricultural, construction,demolition, industrial, waste oil, and/or other wastes), other fuelsthat may be generated by any technology onsite to produce power, and/orvarious fuels imported from offsite as well, comprising possibly naturalgas, light oil, and/or other fuels. Any of the foregoing, may be treatedin any manner known to those of skill in the art, stored and/or useddirectly and/or blended with other fuels for use in whole or in part inthe thermal plant. Any of the foregoing may be stored in any mannersuited to the purpose prior to use for any purpose. Any precursors toany of the above fuels, such as biomass and/or waste of any kind, may bestored in any manner suited to the purpose before processing into fuelin processes that use these materials to generate fuel. Every systeme.g., in the Plan may use sensors and/or automated controls that makemeasurements and adjust the systems as needed to change inputs/outputsof any parameter supporting the performance of any system e.g., in thePlan. In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7A, 7B, 10, 11, 22and/or 25 and/or any other figures and/or description relation toresources, heat and/or cooling, and/or other aspects of a thermal plant,thermal plant technologies, fuel type and/or flow, air flow and/orcontent, water selection, water flow, and/or any other aspect ofperformance known to those in the art may be controlled with sensorsand/or dynamic controls.

In an embodiment, these fuels may be used to produce power inconventional power generation processes, such as combustion turbines(simple or combined cycle), oil fired units, boilers, and/or other powergeneration and/or other thermal plant systems of various types,comprising any WTE process.

Examples of a thermal plant or thermal plant technology comprise aconventional power generation systems, e.g. employing a combustiblefuel, nuclear power and/or solar radiation, and waste-to-energy (WTE)systems. These and/or other technologies fitting the definition of a“Thermal Plant”, e.g., industrial facilities which generate heat, suchas cement factories, steel mills, and glass factories may serve as thethermal plant, or any combination of thermal plant technologies may beused in the same location or different locations on the same site ordifferent sites, and may constitute the “thermal plant”.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24E and/or FIG. 24H, one or moreconnections, communications, and/or synergies described herein betweenthe thermal plant and other processes e.g., in the Plan may beestablished using any number of the different technologies comprisingthe “thermal plant” (e.g., carbon dioxide may be supplied to the BGMfrom either a combustion turbine or a waste-to-energy incinerator, orboth, and/or any other thermal plant technologies generating carbondioxide when these technologies may be in use as the thermal plant). Inan embodiment, different technologies and/or fuel sources may be used tocomprise the thermal plant, comprising conventional power generationsystems, waste-to-energy, and/or other thermal plant technologies may beintegrated to share infrastructure and/or resources, e.g., fuels, heat,water, power, emission control modules, sensors, computer systems,computer controls or modules, and/or other resources. Infrastructuresharing may comprise one or more electrical substations, transmissionlines, other electrical infrastructure known to the person of ordinaryskill in the art, exhaust gas conveyances, stacks, pollution controlmodules, pollution entrainment modules (e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B) and/orother emission controls, carbon dioxide, methane, biogas, oxygen and/orother gas transport lines and/or storage, water, water/biomass slurry,biofuel, other fuel, chemical storage, piping for water, chemicalsand/or other materials, other liquid transportation and/or storage,cooling systems, heat exchangers, and/or other components that may beshared between thermal plants. In some embodiments, fuels may begenerated/processed by one technology in the thermal plant and used togenerate power and/or heat using another thermal plant technology, e.g.,fuels may be generated in a WTE technology, processed with thermal plantheat, and combusted in a power plant comprised by the thermal plant.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D,12E, 15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figuresand/or description relevant to heat capture and/or transfer, a thermalplant may generate waste heat and/or primary process heat which may beexported to water desalination in the desalination plant, biomassprocessing, and/or for other industrial uses. Heat may be used toperform desalination and/or to enhance the desalination process,depending on the desalination method selected.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 3, a thermal plant wastewater (optionallyafter heat recovery) may be directed to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 10, different technologies, comprisingconventional power plants and/or WTE systems within the thermal plantmay serve as backups for each other to a point to meet power generationgoals, contingencies, and/or margins. Fuels and/or wastes may be storedin manners known to the industry to allow for optimal power generationfor the Plan and/or for the grid over time (e.g., daily and/or seasonalfluctuations in power needs, fuel availability, backup capacity).

In an embodiment, WTE systems may share most of the same synergies withthe Plan as conventional power systems, but more synergies may alsoapply depending on the WTE system(s) used, some of which generate fuelsfrom waste and/or biomass that may be used in other power systems, suchas ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, bio-coal, and/or bio-oil products.

In an embodiment, collocated modules and/or technologies may beintegrated by coupling a waste heat source to the modules and/ortechnologies.

Power: In an embodiment, all or some power needed for the Plan may beprovided by the thermal plant, and power, fuels, or both may be exportedoffsite.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 3, demineralized water from an optionaldesalination plant may be utilized during firing of light oil and/orother fuels to reduce the combustion temperature and/or the generationof NOx emissions from combustion turbines (CTs) and/or other thermalplant systems. In an embodiment, desalinated water from the optionaldesalination plant may be used for relatively small volumes of waterneeded for CT inlet air cooling, NOx injection water, and/or potablewater, and/or for similar uses in other thermal plant power generationsystems.

In an embodiment, the thermal plant may produce unheated wastewater,heated air, steam and/or a mixture, heated wastewater, and/or e.g., FIG.11, possibly a heated biomass and/or biofuel and water slurry and/or HTPseparated hot biocrude and/or biofuel and hot water from which heat mayrecovered. Much of the thermal plant discharge water may be heated, andthe heat may be used either for other processes e.g., FIG. 2, eitherwhile in the discharge water, and/or otherwise transferred to anothersubstrate e.g., in the Plan using any heat transfer technology suited tothe purpose, e.g., FIGS. 12A-12E, 15-20, and/or in any other mannerknown to those in the art, with the water used in these processes to berecovered, treated as necessary, and reused, e.g., FIG. 3.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 2, 7A, 7B, 11, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E,15A, 15B, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and/or other figures and/ordescription relevant to heat capture and/or transfer and/or FIG. 3,and/or other figures and/or description relevant to water use and/ormovement, cooling water from any source may be used to cool the thermalplant, and then routed for optional primary treatment (per module 104 ofFIG. 1) and then for direct use as source water in the BGM, mixed withanother water source and used as source water in the BGM, or simply usedto transfer heat to water used in the BGM and/or another process. In anyof these and/or other manners disclosed herein, temperature in the BGM,individual BGUs, subunits, components and/or other features may beregulated either directly or indirectly by water outflows from thethermal plant in combination optionally with other water sources. Gasesand/or other fluid outflows from the thermal plant, likewise may be usedalone or in combination with other sources of heat to regulate thetemperature of the BGM and/or other components of the Plan, (e.g., FIGS.7A, 7B, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D, and/or 12E). If cooling may be needed, anyof the aforementioned sources of heat may be used to produce, conveyand/or cogenerate cooling, which may be supplied to the Plan e.g., FIG.2.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIGS. 1 and/or 3, a portion, e.g., most, of thewastewater discharged from the thermal plant (after heat use orrecovery), may be routed to primary treatment (per module 104 of FIG. 1)and then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU. Some thermal plant water wastes,depending on contamination levels, may be used to dilute thedesalination plant brine discharge without further treatment in order toreduce the environmental impact of the brine (e.g., when discharged).Storm water runoff may be sent to a storm water retention pond or firstrun through an oil/water separator if it contains oil, and then sent toa storm water retention pond. This wastewater may then be routed forprimary treatment (per module 104 of FIG. 1), and then to the WWTPand/or WWTBGU. Chemical cleaning wastewater and/or other chemicallytreated wastewater may be maintained onsite and tested and, ifnon-hazardous, according to a person of ordinary skill, may be routed toprimary treatment (per module 104 of FIG. 1) and then to the WWTP and/orWWTBGU with the other wastewaters or directed to an evaporation pond ifsuitable.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 1 any other wastewatersource(s) e.g., in the system or Plan may be routed to primary treatment(per module 104 of FIG. 1) and then to the WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 10, an oil/water mixture(s) generated insystems e.g., in the Plan or from offsite may be separated. In anembodiment, waste oil may be sent to the thermal plant as a fuel toproduce power. Thermal plant technologies used for waste oil maycomprise a WTE incinerator, HTP, Plasma gasification unit, rotary kilnincinerator, and/or other technologies.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 10, some solid, liquid, and/or blendedwastes may be generated in the thermal plant which may be considered tobe hazardous wastes. If these wastes may be legally and efficientlydisposed of using recycling, the WTE incinerator, plasma unit, therotary kiln incinerator, alternate thermal plant technologies, HTP,and/or a landfill, any of these options and/or others suited to thepurpose may be utilized e.g., in the Plan.

Emissions: In an embodiment, biomass (e.g., algae) fuels generally burncleaner in thermal plant technologies than petroleum fuels and maymitigate other harmful emissions besides carbon dioxide when exhaustgases may be directed to the BGM as described e.g., in the Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g. FIG. 4 and/or FIG. 2 and/or other descriptionrelated to heat generation and/or transfer, the system or Plan canmitigate a carbon dioxide release (e.g., of a conventional fuel-burningthermal plant) and use the CO2 to generate additional power from anysource with the BGM. This presents a very attractive synergy withoffsite carbon dioxide producers. In an embodiment, e.g., a local(possibly offsite) thermal plant (e.g., a coal-burning power plant orindustrial plant) sends exhaust gases (e.g., stack gases), optionallypretreated to the BGM, which may substantially capture the emissions.This system may provide power with substantially complete carbon capture(e.g., zero or low carbon emissions), mitigation of other emissions,such as SOx, NOx, particulates, and/or metals, and BGM generation ofbiofuel from the emissions for additional power and/or for export. In anembodiment, examples of additional or alternate sources of powergeneration which may be used as thermal plant technologies e.g., in thePlan, as offsite thermal plants, or as additional non-thermal powersources comprise plants using coal, petroleum fuels, nuclear, solidfuels (such as petroleum coke, biomass and/or others), wind, solarthermal, solar photovoltaic, geothermal, hydroelectric, micro-hydrogeneration, combined heat and power, and/or other systems suited to thepurpose. These additional systems may be connected to the system or thePlan to provide any combination of the following benefits, and/or otherbenefits, as identified herein for thermal plants and/or on aproject-by-project basis comprise: augmentation of power production;carbon dioxide and/or other emissions mitigation of exhaust from theseplants in the BGM; provision of cooling water source from the WWTBGUand/or WWTP; capture of heat for use in HTP, desalination, heating theBGM, BGU(s), and/or their components, and/or for other uses of heatonsite e.g., FIG. 2; and/or for reduction of reserve plant margins.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24H and/or FIG. 24C, one or more fuelsources both onsite and/or offsite may share power generationtechnologies in the thermal plant, reducing infrastructure costs (e.g.,biomass biocrude, WTE biocrude, HTP biocrude and/or other fuel sourcessharing a thermal plant technology). In an embodiment, thermal planttechnologies, comprising WTE and/or power generation technologies, mayshare carbon dioxide transportation and/or distribution infrastructure,cooling water and/or heated water transport, heat use equipment,emission controls (e.g., exhaust gases may share the infrastructureshown, for example in FIGS. 7B or 7B), and/or all other infrastructurein common to these technologies. Air Emissions Controls: In anembodiment, the Plan may have in place all of the modern air pollutioncontrols, as needed, for the emissions being generated.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 7A, and/or 7B, exemplary designs forpollution control and/or the use of exhaust gases for the Plan may bedescribed. In an embodiment, any other equivalent technology suited tothe purpose of treating emissions may be used e.g., in the Plan, beingknown by those of ordinary skill in the art. In an embodiment,biomass-based fuels generated (e.g., from algae systems) potentiallyused in the BGM may have lower emissions than petroleum fuels under manyburning conditions, thus reducing harmful emissions, and reducing costsof infrastructure and maintenance of some types of emission controlsystems in the thermal plant as compared to traditional systems.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, the Plan may comprise fuel heaterswhich may be fired with natural gas and/or biogas and/or methane/otherfuel mixture from sources onsite and/or methane from offsite and/or maybe heated using Thermal Plant heat and/or heat recovered from otherheat-intensive processes e.g., in the Plan per FIG. 2 as needed to heatnatural gas and/or other gaseous fuels e.g., in the Plan above the dewpoint.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24H, the Plan may use solarthermal technologies (e.g., solar troughs) for preheating seawater fordesalination, a BGM output for HTP, for power generation, and/or forintroduction of heat into the Plan wherever needed (e.g., FIG. 3). If asolar thermal technology may be used, it may share steam turbines withthose already in thermal plant.

WASTE-TO-ENERGY (WTE) SYSTEM EXAMPLE TECHNOLOGIES WHICH MAY BE USED ASTHERMAL PLANT TECHNOLOGIES-GENERAL DESCRIPTION: WTE systems for thepurpose of this disclosure comprise systems which generate fuel, fuelprecursors and/or power in any form from waste, biomass and/or any othermaterial. In an embodiment, WTE may use any method(s), optionallycomprising combustion, chemical methods, biological methods and/orthermal methods either separately or in combination.

Most WTE systems operate similarly, utilizing waste as fuel forcombustion and/or other thermal processes to produce power. Thedifferences affecting interactions, connections and/or communicationscreating greater efficiencies with the Plan (synergies) may be mostlyrelated to whether the waste or other material may be directly combusted(incinerator and/or other direct-combustion methods), directly thermallydestructed anaerobically to produce power (gasification, plasmagasification), or whether intermediate steps may be used to transformthe waste into another fuel before combustion (e.g., pyrolysis-basedmethods, HTL, CHG, anaerobic digestion, cellulosic ethanol). A fewdifferent synergies with the Plan, e.g., efficiencies, may be createdwith systems that use intermediate steps. There may be othertechnologies known to those of skill in the art that may also be usedsimilarly, so the Plan, system and disclosure comprises and allows forthe incorporation of other systems performing the same function(s),and/or other WTE technologies. The scale of any individual project, theother systems comprising a local project, and/or project-specificpriorities may affect WTE technology and/or other thermal planttechnology selection for a given project. The base system beingdiscussed may be the incinerator, and synergies with the Plan for thissystem may be given below. Synergies for the other WTE systems may bediscussed relative to those listed for an incinerator.

In an embodiment, the technical connections, communications and/orsynergies described herein for all thermal plants with the Plan alsoapply to WTE systems, where applicable. Where heat may be produced by aWTE system, where not used for power generation, it may be captured byheat exchangers and/or other technologies and used e.g., in the Plane.g., FIG. 2. Exhaust gases/carbon dioxide and other emissions may alsobe processed e.g., FIGS. 7A and 7B, for optional use in the BGM e.g., asdescribed herein for thermal plants, and/or using another technologyknown to those in the art, and the carbon dioxide and other emissionsoptionally mitigated by the BGM in whole or in part, biomass may beproduced, and the carbon dioxide used e.g., in the Plan as noted in FIG.4. The uses of water (e.g., FIG. 3), biomass (e.g., FIGS. 1, 10, 11 andothers), fuel (e.g., FIG. 10), heat (e.g., FIG. 2), carbon dioxide(e.g., FIG. 4), and/or other resources or byproducts as described forthermal plants in general in this disclosure may also be applied to WTETechnologies as applicable. WTE Power may be used to power the Planand/or for export, along with power from other technologies that maycomprise the thermal plant. Additional synergies, connections, and/orcommunications of particular WTE technologies to the Plan may bedescribed below.

EXAMPLES OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY (WTE) SYSTEMS which may be incorporated asthermal plant technologies comprise one or more of the following types:

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10 a municipal waste incinerator (MSW) mayincinerate waste from cities, industry, agriculture and/or other sourcesand generate power. An MSW incinerator thus reduces land use forlandfills, greenhouse methane gas generation, and produces power andheat and thus may be incorporated within a system and/or Plan as athermal plant or thermal plant technology used as a component of thethermal plant, optionally along with other thermal plant technologies.That is, a thermal plant may comprise an MSW incinerator. Other exampleWTE technology options that may be incorporated into the Plan may bediscussed below. In an embodiment, WTE technologies may be used todispose of waste and/or biomass generated by technologies e.g., in thePlan and/or offsite in an environmentally friendly manner and to recoverenergy from waste/biomass for power production. In an embodiment, e.g.,24K, an end product of incineration or other direct-combustion WTEtechnologies may be ash, which may be used to produce cement. In anembodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, oil from an optional desorber plant and/orwaste oil from all site facilities and/or offsite sources may be burnedin a rotary kiln incinerator, MSW incinerator, alternate directcombustion units, a plasma gasification unit, pyrolysis-based WTEsystems, and/or processed by HTP module(s) e.g., in the Plan to producepower and/or fuels for use in the thermal plant.

Plasma Gasification Unit (Plasma): In an embodiment, thermalgasification to syngas may be a system used in the thermal plant. Syngasmay be used for energy production and/or condensed to oils and/or waxes.Plasma may be similar to an incinerator in generating power from wasteand/or other organic material, but may be able to accept more hazardouswastes also. Plasma also uses high temperatures. All cooling and/or heatrecovery systems and/or synergies with the Plan involved with anincinerator also apply to a plasma gasification unit (See Incineratorabove).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, a rotary kiln incinerator may be partof the thermal plant, e.g., the thermal plant comprises a rotary kilnincinerator. An MSW incinerator may not be suitable for handlingindustrial wastes, many of which would be categorized under US, Europeanand/or other law as “hazardous wastes.” In an embodiment, an alternativefor handling these would be a rotary kiln incinerator. A rotary kilnincinerator may be fed liquid, solid, containerized and/or gaseouswaste, optionally comprising dust and/or acid gases.

Alternative Waste-to-Energy/Biomass Systems: Current public sentimentmay be trending away from use of incinerators forWaste-to-Energy/Biomass, e.g., due to environmental concerns. In anembodiment, the Plan comprises the use of alternate technologies toreplace the incinerator, or to be used in combination with it, and/orwith each other in order to generate power from organic material such aswaste and/or biomass. In an embodiment, systems performing thesefunctions may be incorporated into the Plan as part of the thermalplant, optionally comprising:

Direct Combustion Systems: There may be some differently-designed MSWand/or agricultural/wood waste direct combustion systems that may beused instead of incinerators (e.g., AgriPower, Inc., Turboden, Inc.systems). These systems may be advertised as less expensive, moreefficient, and more environmentally friendly than incinerators. Thesynergies of these systems with the Plan may be the same as thosedescribed for incinerators above.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, Pyrolysis-based and/or other WTEtechnologies may generally replace waste removal or waste burningtechnologies, as WTE technologies may be generally more efficient,better environmentally, and/or more viable than incinerators in someapplications. In general, these technologies use lower heat thanincinerators to anaerobically pyrolize organic waste to obtaincombustible products, such as oil, and/or a coal-like product. Theseproducts may then be combusted in a thermal plant to generate powerand/or may be exported offsite, e.g., outside a system or Plan. In anembodiment, WTE comprises two processes: first, a lower temperatureand/or anaerobic degradation) theoretically results in fewer harmfulchemical reactions, and therefore fewer harmful emissions uponsubsequently combusting products of the first process. In an embodiment,greater power can be generated per unit volume of municipal sanitarywaste (MSW) or biomass than incinerators, and that other marketablesolids, liquids and/or gases may be generated and/or reclaimed. In anembodiment, the Thermal Plant may comprise these technologies in wholeor in part. Pyrolysis-based processes may be similar in nature tohydrothermal processing (HTP) such as HTL, a process used to flashseparate and refine biocrude from biomass in water. The synergies ofthese systems e.g., in the Plan may be the same as those of theincinerator described above, but in addition, coal, oil, and/or otherproducts generated in these processes may be combusted in the thermalplant onsite to generate power for the Plan and/or exported offsite.Biomass, biocrude, and/or other fuels derived from the BGM may becombusted in a second step of the process in the thermal plant either incombination with pyrolysis-generated fuels or separately.

Hydrothermal Processing (HTP): In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24B, HTPcomprises a primary method of “flash separating” biomass from water andconverting the biomass to a biocrude and/or other fuels using a processinvolving heat and possibly pressure. In an embodiment, the biocrudethat may be the product of liquid-based HTP processes such as HTL or RTPmay be combusted directly e.g., in burners, heavy motors, e.g., anengine normally combusting diesel or heavier fuels, and/or other selectthermal plant technologies to produce power, and/or may be furtherrefined to many major fuel types, which may be combusted if moreefficient than biocrude given additional refining costs. In anembodiment HTP may convert other biomass and/or waste to biocrude. In anembodiment, HTP may be used instead of, in conjunction with other WTEtechnologies, and/or as full or partial replacement e.g., in the Plan.In this embodiment, the waste may be heated and possibly pressurized,and the organic portion may be liquefied to a form of biocrude (thisprocess may be termed “Waste HTP”). In an embodiment, the biocrude maybe combusted and/or further refined and then combusted to generatepower, depending on its properties. It may be an optional system in thedisclosed Plan for waste-to-energy, comprising optionally theincorporation of biomass streams, such as agricultural material, woodand/or other organic materials into one or more HTP processes. Thesynergies with the Plan comprise the same benefits as those describedfor pyrolysis-based WTE Systems described above, plus the following. Inan embodiment, Waste HTP infrastructure may be shared with BGM BiomassHTP infrastructure, and/or other biomass HTP (Such as agriculturalbiomass, wood, energy crops, etc.), and the processes may be fullycombined or partially combined in any manner as herein disclosed orknown to those in the art. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2 or otherdescription related to heat generation and/or transfer, waste heatand/or primary process heat from Thermal Plant technologies may be usedfor Waste HTP and/or other biomass HTP (e.g., wood and/or agriculturalwaste) in the same way it may be described herein for an HTP processingof a biomass/water slurry. In an embodiment, a fuel generated e.g., inthe Plan or by system processes e.g., in the Plan may be used in athermal plant onsite to generate power for the Plan and/or exportedoffsite. In an embodiment, biomass, biocrude, and/or other fuels derivedfrom the BGM and/or its downstream processes may be combusted in thethermal plant either in combination with fuels generated by Waste HTP,other biomass HTP, the other WTE processes described herein and/orseparately possibly using the same equipment.

Cellulosic Ethanol/Butanol/Isobutanol: In an embodiment, FIG. 2 and/orFIG. 10 and/or other description related to fuel and/or heat generationand/or transfer, the system may comprise cellulosic ethanol, butanoland/or isobutanol production. In an embodiment, these fuels may becombusted on-site to power the Plan and/or for power export offsite,and/or the fuels may be exported offsite. Cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol technologies may be used as a full or partialreplacement for incineration to produce fuels for combustion, and/or toproduce sugars to feed biomass (e.g., algae). In an embodiment, othertechnologies that produce compounds useful as fuels and/or as biomassfeedstock from cellulose and/or other organic materials either currentlyor in the future may also be used in the same manner. In an embodiment,FIG. 2, waste heat and/or primary process heat may be utilized from theThermal Plant in a pretreatment stage, celluloytic process, distillationprocess, and/or possibly other steps of these processes requiring heat.In an embodiment intermediate fuels may be produced by cellulosicalcohol technologies (e.g., ethanol, butanol, and/or isobutanol) thatmay be combusted in the thermal plant and/or exported offsite. In anembodiment, thermal plant waste heat may be utilized in steps of thisprocess, and/or as otherwise noted herein for all systems (See FIG. 2).Depending on technology selection, water may also be needed for theseprocesses. Incoming water may be taken from any source(s) e.g., in thePlan, e.g., FIG. 3. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 4, carbon dioxide maybe released in the cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol productionphase and/or as part of the thermal plant activities combusting theresultant fuels. Thus, carbon dioxide may be captured and/or used inother aspects of the Plan. This and other sources and uses of Carbondioxide e.g., in the Plan may be given in FIG. 4, and discussed herein.In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, fuels generated in these and/or otherprocesses may be combined in whole or in part and combusted in a thermalplant, and/or separately combusted in a thermal plant onsite to generatepower for the Plan and/or exported offsite. In an embodiment, fuelsgenerated by cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol technologies and/orany other technologies that convert biomass into biofuel may be combinedwith biomass, biocrude, and/or other fuels derived from the BGM, wasteHTP, and/or other biomass HTP, and/or subsequent processing steps and/ormay be combusted separately and/or in combination with other fuelsproduced e.g., in the Plan or imported to it.

In an embodiment, cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol technologyand/or similar technologies may be used e.g., in the Plan to providesugars to a heterotrophic and/or mixotrophic BGU. In this embodiment,the cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol technology may be carriedthrough only the steps necessary to break down cellulose into sugars,and the sugars may be used as a feedstock for the biomass (e.g., algae)e.g., module 636. In an embodiment, supercritical water hydrolysis maybe used as another process by which sugars may be made from biomass, andused also as a feedstock for any BGU in the BGM. In an embodiment, anyother technology which may be used to convert cellulosic biomass tosugars may be used similarly to provide a feedstock for the biomass inthe BGM.

Other WTE Technologies: In an embodiment, numerous other technologieswhich may convert waste and/or biomass of any kind to fuels and/orenergy may be used e.g., in the Plan. The synergies of these systemswith the Plan may be similar to one or more of the technology typesdescribed herein. Therefore, this disclosure seeks specifically toinclude any technologies which may perform the same functions,optionally producing intermediate fuels of organic content, and whichmay benefit the Plan using the same or similar synergies with the Plan.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 7A and/or FIG. 7B and/or FIG. 24H, thermalplant exhaust gases may be discharged into the atmosphere in whole or inpart, and/or in the exhaust gas recovery modules used to capturepollutants before introduction into the BGM, e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B, andpollution control technologies herein disclosed, and/or standardpollution control technologies known to those in the art may be used tomitigate harmful emissions. For example, a 2 pass wet scrubber may beused to reduce NOx and/or other pollutants, e.g. FIG. 22, the hot gasesmay be passed through a lime slurry spray drier to remove sulfur and/orchlorine compounds and/or may be sent into a baghouse or bag filter orfabric filter to remove particulates. Activated carbon may be associatedwith and/or incorporated into the baghouse to remove mercury and/ordioxins. Any technolog(ies) known to the art may be used to treatemissions in these systems, optionally comprising: activated carbon,hearth furnace cokes, zeolites, lime, chlorine, sprayers, sorbents,filtration, catalyst(s), photochemical methods, selective catalyticreduction, dry scrubber(s), and/or wet scrubber(s) (e.g., spray tower,tray tower, packed bed tower, and/or other wet scrubber types).

In an embodiment, these and/or other pollution control measures may beused in all thermal plant technologies, as needed. These and/or otherpollution control technologies may be used also to treat exhaust gasese.g., in the pollution control module 705, or pollution entrainmentmodule 713 of an exhaust gas recovery module 707, 709 e.g., FIGS. 7A, 7Band/or by another means known to the art, either for use in the BGM, forother use e.g., in the Plan, and/or for discharge. In an embodiment,thermal plant technologies may share the infrastructure and/or treatmentmethods to perform pollution control by combining the exhaust gasesemitted from any combination of different thermal plant technologiesusing piping and/or motivating technologies for water and/or otherfluids, such as chemicals, for example piping and/or motive devices,such as blowers/fans that carry the gases to one combined conveyancedesigned for a sufficiently large enough flow volume for the two flowscoming together. In an embodiment, the combined conveyance exhaust gasesmay be treated as noted herein for single exhaust gas flows through astack or other conveyance (e.g., e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B). In anembodiment, exhaust gases and/or liquids from an exhaust gas recoverymodule in the combined flow system described may be directed to the BGMand/or other use e.g., in the Plan e.g., FIGS. 7A and 7B, and anydischarge to the environment may be drawn off of the single largedischarge section or stack, or other combined conveyance for thecombined exhaust gas streams, in the same way e.g., FIGS. 7A and 7B.Combination of exhaust gas streams may be selective, based on theemissions and/or treatment requirements of different emissions streamsgenerated by different thermal plant technologies. In an embodiment,different thermal plant exhaust gas emissions systems may remainseparate. In an embodiment, different thermal plant technology emissionssystems may remain initially separate, or may predate implementation ofthe Plan, but may later combine to form as combined infrastructuresystems. In an embodiment, any number of thermal plant technologies mayshare infrastructure and/or processes (e.g., in FIG. 7A or 7B) asfollows: pollution control modules 704, heat recovery modules 710,and/or pollution entrainment modules 712 and/or processes that followafter these processes (such as discharge or introduction into the BGM orother heat and/or CO2 storage, and/or use e.g., in the Plan 718) e.g.,FIGS. 7A or 7B. Only select processes may share infrastructure as suitedto the application.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, an indirect desorber/condenser systemmay also be used or added to other technologies as part of the thermalplant. The indirect desorber/condenser may be configured to treatorganic waste, vaporizing/distilling/azeotropically distilling theorganic compounds therein or produced upon heating, and/or condensingthe organic compounds to recover their fuel value. Example feed streamsmay be API separator sludges from refinery operations, and petroleumcontaminated soils. In an embodiment, this system may take on thesewastes from offsite sources, and/or onsite sources, routinely and/or inemergencies, e.g., in the event of an oil spill. The recovered fuels maybe used to generate power in the thermal plant.

In an embodiment, one or more of these technologies or modules may beco-located together in a common building or shelter; or the technologiesor modules may be co-located at separate buildings or shelters and/orthen connected.

DESALINATION, DESALINATION PLANT (DP) In an embodiment, a seawaterintake system, capable of delivering water requirements with minimalimpacts on the marine environment, may be implemented using adesalination plant (DP) to provide a source of water for potable waterproduction, cooling water, firewater supply, etc. The water may beprocessed to produce desalinated water and a brine (high-salinity water)discharge. Example technology types that may be used separately or incombination as the DP may be as follows: filtration-based processes,comprising for example: reverse osmosis, electrodialysis reversal and/orother technologies using a membrane; and distillation-based processescomprising multi-stage flash distillation, multi-effect distillation,vapor compression distillation and/or other technologies usingevaporation to produce desalinated water.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or other description related to heatgeneration and/or transfer desalination plant filtration-based processesand distillation-based processes both may use waste heat and/or primaryprocess heat from the Thermal Plant. In an embodiment, filtration basedprocesses may utilize heat to increase the efficiency of the filtrationprocess, e.g., in any manner known to those of skill in the art. In anembodiment, distillation based processes may use heat to distill water,and/or to preheat water in order to lower the heating requirements at adistillation plant.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2 and/or FIG. 24K, waste heat may be usedfor power generation to achieve electrolysis, e.g., sodium hypochlorite(bleach) may be synthesized from DP brine discharge using brineelectrolysis. The bleach may be used throughout the Plan fordisinfection, cleaning, and/or other uses, and/or exported offsite. Inan embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24K and/or FIG. 10, brine electrolysisprovides hydrogen gas. The hydrogen may be used in a fuel cell toproduce electricity, and/or returned to the thermal plant forcombustion.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24K, sea salt may bemanufactured from the

DP brine discharge and sold off-site. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, DPdemineralized water may be supplied for use in the thermal plant whereneeded in any thermal plant system (e.g., combustion turbines, if used,and in other power systems). In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, DPdesalinated water (with minerals added back) may be supplied for use asappropriate in the thermal plant (e.g., combustion turbines and in otherpower systems).

Intake/Salt Water: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A, theDP may share an intake with a SWBGU, a saltwater cooling source for thethermal plant (if needed), or any of these modules/uses for salt watermay have separate intakes. Any of these modules/sources' intakes, ifseparate, or the combined intake if combined may share some pipingand/or other equipment with wastewater treatment plant, BGM, and/orbrine discharge outfall. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, the waterintake(s), shown as fresh water source 302, and/or water intake (saltwater) 314, may provide a source of cooling for any process e.g., in thePlan, wherein water from an intake out to sea, especially a deep-waterintake, which in many climates should be significantly cooler thanambient temperature on land and can provide cooling, or an intake of anykind with a warmer water source may provide heat. In an embodiment,saltwater intake water may be used as source water for a SWBGU and/orBWBGU in a hot climate to regulate its temperature. In an embodiment,the salt water from the intake may be used to provide cooling eitheralone or combined with other water sources to fill pools or otherstructures surrounding any BGU or BGU component in order to providecooling and/or temperature modulation, particularly in hot environments.In an embodiment, after use in this manner and/or in other coolingapplications, decorative application, and/or in any other mannerdescribed for heat and/or cooling transfer, comprising possibly heattransfer from the thermal plant to the Plan, the water may be thenrouted to the DP for desalination and/or other processes where warmerwater may be beneficial. In this manner, water and/or cooling may beprovided where needed e.g., in the Plan (See FIGS. 2 and 3), and in theprocess, the salt water may be elevated in temperature, which allows fora lower energy requirement in the desalination process and/or otherprocesses e.g., in the Plan where warmer water may be beneficial. In anembodiment, hot or warm water may also be used in a prioritization ofuses which allows for productive tiered uses of heat in many systems asthe water cools. For example, water mixed with a biomass water slurrymay be heated to approximately 350C, separated from biomass, biocrudeand/or biofuels, then routed to a heat exchanger to heat salt water tobe used for desalination, and then used, possibly still at a temperatureabove ambient temperature, as a heated source water for the BGM. In thismanner, water use and/or heat use may be prioritized in the Plan toproduce unexpected novel efficiencies in the use of water, heat and/orcooling (e.g. FIGS. 2 and 3).

Additional Technologies which may produce desalinated water: In anembodiment, e.g., FIG. 2 and/or FIG. 3, salt water processed through HTPand/or another heating process e.g., in the Plan (heated water) may beused to produce desalinated water after heating may be conducted by therelease of pressure of the heated water, such that steam may be formed,released from the solution (e.g., using a valves and/or other technologyknown to those in the art, separated from the solution, and condensed asdesalinated water. In this fashion, water in a solution that has beenheated may be desalinated by distillation. Alternatively, heated may berouted to the desalination plant, preferably while still heated fromHTP, for standard desalination processes, e.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1 and/or 3, desalinated water may beproduced through various processes known to the art in processing waterthrough a BGM and subsequent BGM outflow fluid processing steps in thePlan.

Water Conservation: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, water reuse from theBGM and/or WWTP may be used for landscape irrigation, firefighting,water features, fountains, lakes, industrial cooling (Comprising coolingin the thermal plant), and/or cleaning processes e.g., in the Plan, asopposed to using DP desalinated water. This may greatly reduce theneeded amount of desalinated water and consequently the powerrequirement e.g., in the Plan. It will require only additional piping.In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, optionally salt water, or salt watermixed with reclaimed wastewater or another water source either from theBGM, WWTP and/or another source may be used for: cooling water,firewater supply, water features, fountains, lakes, and/or other uses toconserve reclaimed BGM and/or WWTP water and/or DP desalinated watere.g., in the Plan. Where usable as cooling water, salt water may be usedto cool the thermal plant and/or other heat sources directly orindirectly (via heat exchange), and may be then routed to the DP fordesalination. This may save energy in the DP, as higher temperaturewater may be easier to desalinate per No. 1 above. Treatment of anywater supply may be performed either before and/or after its use in thethermal plant and/or any other modules and/or processes e.g., in thePlan in accordance with techniques known to the art.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, certain salt water and/or otherbioreactors may produce desalinated water, possibly mixed with biofuelby evaporation, and once separated from biofuel as necessary, the watermay be potable. In an embodiment, a SWBGU, a BWBGU, or other BGU mayproduce desalinated drinking water either in the place of desalinationtechnologies or to supplement desalination technologies e.g., in thePlan. Brine produced by such a system may be treated as discussed hereinfor other desalination technologies.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, as required, for a reverse osmosisdesalination process, a Clean In Place (CIP) cycle may be used to cleana DP membrane (filtration-based processes only). In an embodiment, wastefrom this process may be disposed of to the WWTP and/or BGM.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 23, standard energy recovery technologiesknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used to recover DPhigh pressure pump energy expenditure (for desalination filtrationtechnologies) and the recovered pressure may be used for additionaldesalination pressure, to pressurize a biomass/water slurry coming fromthe BGM for HTP harvesting/separation and/or another biomass processingmethod, and/or other uses e.g., in the Plan e.g., FIG. 23.

In reference to FIG. 23, an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 2300 configured to use and reclaim pressure wherein such pressure2302 is generated by and/or reclaimed from: a desalination module 2304;a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310—the system comprising: capturing fluid pressure from adesalination module 2304; a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensiveprocesses module 2306; a BBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes2316; a pressure generated to create movement of substances of any kindin the Plan module 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum,pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into aconveyance; a refinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a powergeneration module 2310 and directing a portion of that fluid pressure toanother a desalination module 2304; a thermal plant heat and/orpressure-intensive processes module 2306; a BBPP module 2308; an HTPmodule(s) or processes 2316; a pressure generated to create movement ofsubstances of any kind in the Plan module 2314 by turning a turbine,creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurizedsubstance into a conveyance; a refinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312;and/or a power generation module 2310. An embodiment includes the systemwherein pressure reclaimed 2302 from: a desalination module 2304; athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310 may be supplied 2302 to: a desalination module 2304; athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310.

With reference to Table 4, a system configured to use and reclaimpressure wherein such pressure is generated by and/or reclaimed from:

a desalination module;

a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module;

a BBPP module;

an HTP module(s) or processes;

a pressure generated to create movement of substances of any kind byturning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/ordirecting a pressurized substance into a conveyance;

a refinery module;

a BPP module; and/or

a power generation module—the system comprising: capturing fluidpressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h.

Thus, Table 4 provides a combination that may be an embodiment of thesystem.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 23, standard energy recoverytechnologies known to a person of ordinary skill in the art may be usedto recover DP high pressure pump energy expenditure (for desalinationfiltration technologies) and the recovered pressure may be used foradditional desalination pressure, to pressurize a biomass/water slurrycoming from the BGM for HTP harvesting/separation and/or another biomassprocessing method, and/or other uses in the Plan as in FIG. 23.

In reference to FIG. 23 an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod of using and reclaiming pressure wherein such pressure 2302 isgenerated by and/or reclaimed from: a desalination module 2304; athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310—the method comprising: capturing fluid pressure from adesalination module 2304; a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensiveprocesses module 2306; a BBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes2316; a pressure generated to create movement of substances of any kindin the Plan module 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum,pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into aconveyance; a refinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a powergeneration module 2310 and directing a portion of that fluid pressure toanother a desalination module 2304; a thermal plant heat and/orpressure-intensive processes module 2306; a BBPP module 2308; an HTPmodule(s) or processes 2316; a pressure generated to create movement ofsubstances of any kind in the Plan module 2314 by turning a turbine,creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurizedsubstance into a conveyance; a refinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312;and/or a power generation module 2310. An embodiment includes the methodwherein pressure reclaimed 2302 from: a desalination module 2304; athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310 may be supplied 2302 to: a desalination module 2304; athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module 2306; aBBPP module 2308; an HTP module(s) or processes 2316; a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule 2314 by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; arefinery module 2312; a BPP module 2312; and/or a power generationmodule 2310.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 4, reverse osmosis water outputremineralization may be performed using CO2 addition with Dolomiticlimestone and Sodium Carbonate, or if feasible, CO2 may be added frompurified thermal plant exhaust, other CO2 source(s) e.g., in the Plan,and/or by another technique.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, treated wastewater from the WWTP and/orBGM may be used to dilute the DP plant brine discharge to reduce oreliminate environmental impacts. If a deep sea diffuser brine dischargeoutfall may be used, up to 5% salinity above the naturally occurringsalinity may be generally acceptable. However, In an embodiment, withfreshwater dilution, the salinity may be reduced in-pipe to match thenaturally occurring salinity or a salinity that may be acceptable, anddischarged near the shore, instead of out to sea, eliminating thesignificant infrastructure expense associated with a deep sea discharge.The typical salinity of ocean water may be between 3% and 5%, and atypical reverse osmosis desalination plant rejection rate (rate of brinedischarge as a percentage of the initial intake volume) may be generallyabout 50%. In an embodiment the following formula may be used tocalculate the amount of dilution necessary to restore the brinedischarge to a target salinity:

S _(B) V _(B) +S _(D) V _(D) =S _(T)(V _(B) +V _(D)), where:

S_(B)=Salinity of Brine, V_(B)=Volume of Brine,

S_(D)=Salinity of Diluent, V_(D)=Volume of Diluent, and

S_(T)=Target Salinity.

In one or more embodiments, an example of BGM and/or WWTP dilution maybe utilized as follows: Assuming a WWBGU, FWBGU or WWTP may be thesource with a salinity of 0.5%, assuming ocean salinity of 4.5%, andassuming a desalination 50% rejection rate, for a near shore discharge,using the formula above, the brine would be diluted with approximately1.125 liters of BGU and/or WWTP discharge water per liter of brinedischarge water to reach background salinity. For a deep sea discharge,the brine would be diluted with approximately 1.012 liters of BGU and/orWWTP discharge water per liter of brine discharge water in order toreach 5% above background salinity, a recommended discharge salinitylevel. The brine discharge may also be diluted with salt water eitherfrom a saltwater BGU and/or a brackish water BGU, and/or another saltwater source, and/or another water source e.g., in the Plan. In anembodiment, any water source(s) e.g., in the Plan in combination with orwithout the BGU and/or WWTP discharge (FIG. 3) may be used in order tomeet desalination plant brine discharge salinity goals. In anembodiment, the water source(s) used for dilution may be strategicallyselected and/or combined such that water most valuable to the Planand/or community may be preserved as much as possible, and water oflesser value may be used for dilution (e.g., treated wastewater,brackish water). In one or more embodiments, in the case where there maybe multiple possible dilution sources, the above formula may be modifiedas follows calculate the volumes of each diluent water source that maybe combined to achieve a target salinity:

S _(B) V _(B)+(S _(D1) V _(D1) +S _(D2) V _(D2) +S _(D3) V _(D3) . . .)=S _(T) (V _(B) +V _(D1) +V _(D2) +V _(D3) . . . ), where:

The numbers represent different diluent water sources. As many diluentsources as may be available may be added in the same way (denoted by “ .. . ” above).

In an embodiment, the disclosed Plan provides a novel means and methodof planning and/or combining water resources strategically by use ofthis formula and strategic selection of water sources to generatesalinity targets as mentioned above. This process and/or method may beused to dilute the brine to the same or similar salinity as naturallyoccurring salinity for near shore discharge, or an acceptable salinityfor deep sea discharge, or possibly some salinity between the two for asea discharge between the two distances. In an embodiment, if the brinemay be heated due to processing through desalination or another reason,after optional heat recovery to the Plan, if the brine temperature maybe impacting on the local environment, or regulated by law, dilutionstrategies may also incorporate calculations and/or diluent source waterselections to adjust the heat of the brine discharge to appropriatelevels. As may be known to the person of ordinary skill in the art,mathematical and/or physical modeling and/or other studies may be neededto determine actual numbers, based on discharge design, local featuresand/or other considerations.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, or other description related to heatgeneration and/or transfer heat may be transferred to the DP from theheated water, biocrude and/or biofuel that result from HTP and/or otherprocessing methods used to process biofuel, biomass and/or abiomass/water slurry using heat exchangers and/or other technologies,and/or from any other heat source(s) e.g., in the Plan, e.g., FIG. 2.The method may beneficially raise the temperature of the feed waterprior to desalination.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or other description related to heatgeneration and/or transfer; and/or FIG. 3, a saltwater BGU may use saltwater to produce biomass initially, and subsequently, a water output maybe directed in whole or in part to the DP for the desalination processafter biomass separation from the water (possibly using HTP, othercurrently known biomass separation/refining methods, and/or methods thatmay be developed in the future). The biomass action on the salt watermay remove organic materials, nutrients, and/or some minerals, which mayresult in a more efficient desalination process than regular salt water.Also the salt water after HTP or a similar process (if used) may havebeen heated, and that heat may increase the efficiency of thedesalination process.

DP Brine Disposal Technologies: Brine Disposal to Sea-Discharge to Seaor another water body: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3and/or other description related to heat generation and/or transferand/or water transfer, DP brine discharge to sea and/or by other methodsmay be diluted with water output from the BGM and/or WWTP, as needed tomitigate salinity to reduce or eliminate environmental damage due tohigh-salinity and/or high temperature brine. In an embodiment, e.g.,FIG. 24A, a DP brine discharge outfall may share some piping and/orother equipment with the WWTP/BGM outfall, and/or may utilize the samepiping and/or outfall. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, brine may bedischarged to land using zero liquid discharge. In an embodiment, e.g.,FIG. 3, brine may be discharged underground and/or by another meansknown to the person of ordinary skill in the art.

WASTE HANDLING/RECYCLING PLANT: In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG.10, and/or FIG. 3, a waste handling/recycling plant may be addedoptionally as part of the Plan to sort a waste stream (e.g., municipalsanitary waste, construction waste, agricultural waste and/or otherbiomass, such as wood waste) for recycling, landfilling, and/or use toprovide feedstock for WTE and/or other technologies in the thermal plantto generate power. In general, construction and/or demolition wastes andmunicipal sanitary waste (MSW) may be collected and handled separately.Construction and/or demolition wastes may be handled by large equipmentin an outdoor setting that allows for large stockpile areas formaterials. This may be conducted remotely from the site, or in a largebuilding or open area which may be collocated. In an embodiment, thewaste handling/recycling facility design may allow for drainage anduse/treatment of liquids. Waste oils from the waste stream may beprocessed in the thermal plant to generate power. In an embodiment,e.g., FIG. 3, wastewater may be directed to a WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 3, wastewater from all onsite modules andoptionally from offsite sources may be directed to a WWTP and/or WWTBGU.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10, landfills may be used to contain wastethat cannot be recycled and/or ash from the thermal plant, if not usedin cement production. In an embodiment, landfills may be used tosupplement WTE technologies used in the thermal plant, providingdisposal space for WTE ash and/or excess waste, a temporary repositoryfor waste to be used in WTE system(s), and/or may also be used as asubstitute for WTE system(s) in certain embodiments. In an embodiment,gases generated by landfill waste decomposition (landfill gases), whichmay be typically 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide may beused beneficially to power the thermal plant. In an embodiment, landfillgases may share power generation technology used to combust methaneand/or biogas with other possible systems e.g., in the Plan that produceand/or combust gaseous fuels, such as the gasification module (e.g.,CHG, anaerobic digestion) used for biomass and/or sludge and gas-firedcombustion power generators. In an embodiment, landfill-generated CO2may be directed to the BGM and/or other processes requiring CO2 e.g., inthe Plan (e.g., FIG. 4), either before and/or after a burn off ofmethane in the thermal plant. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 4, carbondioxide transport and storage infrastructure may be shared with theother systems described herein that generate CO2. In an embodiment,e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 10, the optional landfill may be lined with aliner system possibly made of HDPE capable of containing leachategenerated by the waste materials. The leachate collection system may beinstalled to remove leachate from the facility for temporary storage andfuture treatment at a water treatment facility. In an embodiment,landfill leachate may be sent to a WWTP, BGM, and/or oil separation andused for power generation in a WTE plant rotary kiln incinerator, plasmagasification unit, and/or other WTE technology.

BOTTLING AND PACKAGING PLANT (BBPP): In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3,6, 10,11, and/or 14, a water bottling/biomass productsbottling/packaging plant (BBPP) may be added optionally as part of thePlan. In an embodiment, any one or more of the components within theBBPP may be used (e.g., water bottling only, biomass bottling only,and/or other biomass packaging types only.) Water bottling lines may beused to bottle treated drinking water generated from the DP. In anembodiment, water bottling may product carbonated water optionally usingany carbon dioxide source in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 4). In an embodiment,e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14, the desalinated water used forwater bottling may require additional disinfection prior to bottling.Heat from the thermal plant and/or any other source(s) e.g., in the Plan(e.g., FIG. 2) may be used for this purpose and/or for other purposes inthe BBPP. The BBPP can provide drinking water for daily per capitaconsumption, stockpiled for emergency, and/or produced for export, ifdesired. In an embodiment, the BBPP may also package liquid and/or solidbiomass-derived products. It may produce carbonated water and/or biomassproducts using carbon dioxide from any source e.g., in the Plan, e.g.,FIG. 4. It may have a separate section from the water bottling sectionto package biocrude and/or other biofuels. Packaging may comprisebottling, barreling, preserving, cutting, pelletizing, boxing,containerizing, compressing, pressurizing and putting into tanks, and/orother means of preparing products for storage, export and/or marketing.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and/or 14 the BBPP mayhave warehouse space to store these products before shipment offsiteand/or use e.g., in the Plan. In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 10,11, and/or 14, biomass products produced onsite, most notably liquidand/or solid biomass products, may also be bottled/packaged quicklyafter production and/or otherwise preserved in the BBPP. In anembodiment, the biomass products may be cooled using cogenerated coolingfrom the thermal plant or other sources before and/or after packaging topreserve freshness. The prompt packaging and cooling (such asrefrigeration), where needed, may preserve delicate products promptlyonsite and prepare them for market in the most beneficial way.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 1, a portion or all of the BBPP equipmentfor disinfecting desalinated water before bottling may be shared withthe WWTP and/or WWTBGU, such as disinfection treatment (e.g. UVtreatment). A portion or all of the BBPP equipment for disinfectingdesalinated water before bottling may be shared with the WWTP and/orWWTBGU, such as disinfection treatment (e.g. UV). In an embodiment,e.g., FIG. 2, or other description related to heat generation and/ortransfer, a BBPP may use heat from any source e.g., in the Plan fordisinfection or any other processes requiring heat. In an embodiment,e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K bottle blowing, washing, filling, andcapping may be combined into one integrated system. Integrated systemsreduce bacteriological loading (disinfection), reduce production costs,decrease line footprint, reduce bottle costs, and increase lineefficiency. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K, plastic maybe recycled from the waste receiving/recycling area and/or any wasteprocessing area. The end product of the recycled plastic would becleaned, disinfected, and shredded plastic material. This material maythen be utilized in the bottle manufacturing process at the BBPP. In anembodiment, packaging materials for the BBPP and/or other modules e.g.,in the Plan, such as the refinery may also come from the wastehandling/recycling plant described herein, comprising possibly plastic,cardboard, and wood pallets. In an embodiment, a bottle to bottlerecycling facility is included e.g., in the Plan in the BBPP module toallow for direct use of recycled PET and/or other materials for plasticbottle manufacture. In an embodiment, this type of facility may becoupled with the waste handling/recycling plant. The end product of therecycled plastic would be cleaned, disinfected, and shredded plasticmaterial. This material may then be utilized in the bottle manufacturingprocess at the BBPP. In an embodiment, packaging materials for the BBPPmay also come from the waste handling/recycling plant described herein,comprising possibly plastic, glass, cardboard, wood pallets and/or otherrecycled materials. In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or otherdescription related to heat generation and/or transfer, waste heat fromthe thermal plant and/or heat recovered from other sources e.g., in thePlan (e.g., FIG. 2) may be used to generate cooling, such as airconditioning and/or refrigeration for cooling buildings and/or forrefrigeration of biomass products, for cooling the BGM where beneficial,and for other uses.

BIOFUEL RESEARCH CENTER: A biofuel research center (BRC) may be added tothe Plan to provide ongoing research and development into all phases ofthe biomass and biomass fuel production systems, including the BGM andany of its BGUs, and testing to improve biomass yields, fuel yields,biomass processing technologies, to reduce costs, and to make allprocesses more environmentally beneficial. The BRC may also develop andimplement methods of producing a wide array of non-fuel biomass productsfor use onsite and/or for export. The BRC may also work to develop,implement, and improve on WTE processes and/or other processes whichproduce fuels. Because the BRC may be located onsite, biomass and/orother testing research may benefit from the opportunity to performin-process testing, and/or to pilot, and to share infrastructure neededonsite without extra expense, excluding infrastructure that may need tobe used for closed research systems (e.g., for testing new biomassstrains without comingling with biomass in a BGU.).

REFINERY: In an embodiment, a refinery may be utilized e.g., in the Planto perform any process related to processing biomass, water, fuelprecursors, gases, and/or fuels of any type from one state to any othermore beneficial or usable state. The systems used in the refinery forthe purposes of this disclosure will not be limited to those in apetroleum refinery, rather the refinery may employ systems and/ormethods needed for the Plan. For example, the refinery may employ anytechnique(s) needed to separate water, biomass, biocrude and/orbiofuels. It may further refine biocrude and/or biofuels into more purecomponents, certain ranges of carbon molecular weights, volatility, orin other ways. It may perform all of the usual functions of a petroleumrefinery, adapted as necessary to the refining of biomass, and/or mayuse refining techniques more typical of biofuels of various types and/orother techniques. The refinery may comprise HTP modules of any kind. Itmay use HTP modules to perform HTP for the flash refining of abiomass/water slurry, such as HTL, HTC with or without IST, and/or RTP.It may comprise a module for catalytic hydrothermal gasification. It maycomprise modules to refine biocrude or bio-coal that may be the resultof other processes e.g., in the Plan, e.g., pyrolysis-based and/or otherWTE processes which generate fuels. It may comprise modules to refinethe outputs of cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol systems. It mayprocess the residue from anaerobic digestion, for example by HTP. It maycomprise methods to dry, purify, and/or treat gaseous fuels, such asbiogas, natural gas, methane, and/or hydrogen. It may use pyrolysis,micro emulsion, transesterification, thermal depolymerization, bacterialprocessing, and/or other methods. The refinery may comprise a widevariety of different methods in order to handle any refining needs ofany system e.g., in the Plan. These methods may be known to thoseskilled in the art, and will not be described herein. In an embodiment,any of the foregoing modules and/or systems comprised by the refinerymay be used not only for biomass from the BGM, but also any other sourceof biomass, such as farm waste, wood, municipal waste, energy crops,and/or other sources of biomass. In an embodiment, processing of theseother sources of biomass may be done in combination with the variousmeans to process the BGM outflow fluid, fuels generated directly in theBGM, and/or separately. In an embodiment, the technologies chosen forrefining in any embodiment may vary based on project goals (e.g., whatbiomass type(s) may be used, what fuel type(s) may be most beneficial,and other project-specific considerations), therefore the disclosed Planmay use any technique or other means suited to the purpose, comprisingthe methods e.g., as described herein and/or any others available to theperson of ordinary skill in the art for refining and/or processingbiomass. In an embodiment, heat and/or cooling needed in the refinerymay be provided by the thermal plant and/or other sources e.g., in thePlan, e.g., FIG. 2, and/or by separate sources in the refinery. In anembodiment, heat and/or cooling used in the refinery may be recoveredand reused e.g., in the Plan. In an embodiment, all solvents used in therefinery may be recovered and reused as much as possible, or may be usedas a fuel in any thermal plant technology. In an embodiment, therefinery may have bottling/barreling and storage functions to packageand store biocrude and/or biofuel onsite and/or for export offsite. Inan embodiment, it may also have pumps and piping to pipe these and/orother fuels to the thermal plant and/or offsite. In an embodiment, itmay have sources of chemical additives (e.g., to stabilize fuels and/orto change their burn characteristics) and/or fuels from offsite, such aspetro fuels which may be stored and/or piped in, which may be combinedwith biocrude and/or biofuels before being packaged, stored and/or sentout of the refinery as described above. In an embodiment, any residualsor other outflows of the refinery may optionally be processed in a BPP.

BIOMASS PROCESSING PLANT (BPP): In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 1-4, 6,10-12, and/or 14-19, a biomass processing plant (BPP) may be included toprocess biomass derived from the BGM and/or other systems in certainembodiments in addition to, or instead of the aforementioned refinery.In various embodiments, a BPP may be represented in FIGS. 1-4, 6, 10-12,and/or 14-19 as the module e.g., in the Plan for “BPP” or “BPP(Downstream Processing)” of biomass. This module may be shown along withthe refinery in some figures as “Refinery and/or BPP”, as, in anembodiment, either or both may be selected in an embodiment of the Plan,and they may be either separate plants or may be collocated or combinedinto one plant. In an embodiment, a possible configuration, comprisingmany optional components for a BPP may be shown in FIG. 14, and/oradditional possible configurations may be shown in FIGS. 3 through 9 ofpatent No. US20090197322 A1. These figures may be incorporated in U.S.Provisional Application No. 62173905, filed Jun. 10, 2015, Appendix 2,also incorporated by reference in its entirety and relied upon. In anembodiment, any system or method suited to purpose of the separationand/or processing of biomass may be used in the BPP. In an embodiment,the BPP may focus more on using biomass for non-fuel product production,and the Refinery may focus more on producing fuels, however, each mayproduce either products and/or fuels. The BPP may use any methodssuitable for separation/extraction/refining biomass, comprising thermal,chemical, biological, and/or mechanical means and/or other means suitedto the purpose, comprising the methods e.g., as described herein and/orany others available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. The BPPmay use harvesting methods such as flocculation, flotation,sedimentation, expansion, expeller press, extraction, milking,cavitation, nanotechnologies, bacterial extraction and/or otherbacterial processing, catalytic methods and/or other methods as known toa person of ordinary skill in the art e.g., Shelef, et. al, 1984 andPandey et. al, 2013 Pgs. 85-110. The BPP may be used to produce manyproducts besides fuels from biomass. Some examples of biomass productsmay be bioplastics, adhesives, paints, dyes, colorants, nanocellulose,fertilizers and other soil amendments, animal feed, glycerol,nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food ingredients, finechemicals (e.g., industrial enzymes, esters, resins), oxygen, and manyother possible products for use onsite and/or for export as known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art per Pandey, et. al 2013 pgs.205-233. Fuels of all types may also be produced. In an embodiment, anyresultant fuels may be routed to the refinery for further refining, foruse onsite and/or for offsite export e.g., FIG. 10. In an embodiment,residual biomass and/or biomass that has been milked or otherwiseprocessed may be directed to the BGM for reuse in biomass growth and/orto the refinery for processing into fuels and/or other products (SeeFIG. 14).

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 14, non-fuel products derived from biomassgrown in wastewater, e.g., in a WWTBGU comprising select portions of it,or its residue after processing by HTP, anaerobic digestion and/or byany other method known to those of skill in the art may also beproduced, comprising animal feed, fish feed, soil amendments,bio-polymers, bio-plastics, paints, dyes, colorants, lubricants, and/orother products. In an embodiment, some products may be derived by mixingthe above biomass, biomass portions and/or residues with othermaterials.

Biomass Processing Plant 1400 comprises a biomass and water supply 1402,1405 feeding into a separation unit 1404. Biomass 1403 may be sent tooptional cell disruption unit 1408 and water 1406 may be reused (e.g.,see FIG. 3) and/or discharged. Biomass 1417A may be transferred todrying unit 1410; and/or biomass 1417B may be transferred to one or moremixing modules 1420 that receive(s) solvent 1421. Mixing modules 1420may also or alternatively receive a mixture of solvent and biomass 14161441 in the same or in separate mixing modules. Solvent and biomass maybe transferred from mixing module 1420 to separation module 1422.Residual biomass 1426 may be optionally sent to BGM 21A and/or to module1428 and refined to biofuel 1434. Biofuel use 1000, e.g., FIG. 10 may beone terminus to provide a downstream product.

Solvent may be recaptured in evaporation unit 1424 by conversion to avapor 1436 where it may be condensed in unit 1438. Cooling of unit 1438may be from 1451 cooling module 1439 (cooling optionally from FIG. 2).Recovered solvent 1440 may be then transferred back to mixing module1420 or to BGM 212. BGM 212, BGM 212A and/or BGM 212B may be the same ordifferent BGM's.

Other recovered solvent 1437 from evaporation module 1424 may be reusedin mixing module 1420 and/or BGM 212B. Exhaust air 1425 may be removedby vacuum unit 1427 and transferred 1447 to optional odor control unit1300 (e.g., from FIG. 13). Treated air 1425A may be circulated to dryingunit 1410 and returned air 1425 b transferred back to optional unit1300.

Dried biomass 1411 emerging from drying unit 1410 may be submitted tounit 1414 whereupon powdered products 1413 may be transferred to BPPP1480.

Biomass 1404A emerging from separation unit 1404 may be transferred towhole cell products processing unit 1412 wherein whole cell products1412A may be transferred to BPPP 1480.

Biomass emerging from evaporation unit 1424 become formulated productsin oil 1430, which may be then transferred to BPPP 1480.

Both separation module 1404 and/or mixing module 1420 may receive heatfrom module 1418 (heat optionally from FIG. 2). Drying unit 1410receives heat from unit 1418A (heat optionally from FIG. 2). Evaporationunit 1424 receives heat from unit 1418B (heat optionally from FIG. 2).Units 1418, 1418A and/or 1418B may be the same or different heat units.

One or more different biomass and water 1402 or solvent containingextracted biomass 1416 inputs may be processed using any subset of thesteps and modules depicted.

In reference to FIG. 14 the separation unit 1404 separates biomass 1404Aand/or 1403 from water 1406 and may be achieved through filtration,screening, centrifugation, flotation (comprising dissolved air andhydrogen), flocculation, bio-flocculation, gravity settling and/or othertechniques as known to a person of ordinary skill in the art e.g.,Shelef, et. al, 1984 and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.

The optional cell disruption unit 1408 breaks down the cell wall of thebiomass 1403 in order to release the contents of the cell throughmechanical means such as crushing, sonication, homogenizing, temperatureadjustments (freezing or microwaving) and/or non-mechanical means suchas using enzymes or chemicals and/or other techniques as known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art.

The drying unit 1410 dries the biomass 1417A by spray drying, freezedrying, drum drying, sun drying and/or other techniques as known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art.

Mixing module(s) 1420 mixes biomass 1417B and/or solvent(s) containingextracted biomass 1416 with solvent for the purpose of extracting usefulproducts from the biomass.

The separation unit 1422 separates biomass from solvent and may beachieved through filtration, screening, centrifugation, flotation(comprising dissolved air and hydrogen), flocculation, bio-flocculation,gravity settling, gravity thickener, and/or other techniques as known toa person of ordinary skill in the art per author Shelef, et. al, 1984and Pandey et. al, 2013 pgs. 85-110.

The refinery and/or gasification module 1428 functions to producebiofuel 1434 from residual biomass 1426.

The evaporation unit 1424 evaporates off solvent leaving formulatedproducts in oil 1430. The evaporation process preferably may be doneunder vacuum 1427 and/or with supplemental heat 1418B (heat optionallyfrom FIG. 2).

The condensing unit 1438 condenses the solvent vapor 1436 to recoversolvent 1440 using cooling 1439 (cooling optionally from FIG. 2).

The whole cell products processing unit 1412 functions to process wholecell products from biomass 1404A in preparation for the BBPP 1480.

The powdered products processing unit 1414 functions to process powderedproducts from the dried biomass 1411 in preparation for the BBPP 1480.

FIG. 14 shows the major steps involved in the downstream processing ofthe various products 1400. In an embodiment for the production of wholecell products 1412A biomass and water 1402 may be separated 1404 aidedby heat 1418 (heat optionally from FIG. 2) and the resulting biomass1404A may be sent to whole cell products processing 1412.

In an embodiment for the production of powered products 1413, biomassand water 1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418 (heat optionallyfrom FIG. 2). The resulting biomass 1403 may be dried 1410 using heat1418A and the dried biomass 1411 may be sent to powdered productsprocessing 1414.

In an embodiment for the production of powdered products 1413 biomassand water 1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418 (heat optionallyfrom FIG. 2). The resulting biomass 1403 optionally goes through celldisruption 1408 and the biomass 1417 a may be dried 1410 using heat1418A (heat optionally from FIG. 2). Exhaust air 1425B from drying 1410optionally goes to air treatment/odor control 1300 (FIG. 13) and treatedair 1425 a may be optionally returned. The resulting dried biomass 1411may be sent to powdered products processing 1414.

In an embodiment for the production of formulated products in oil 1430,biomass and water 1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418 (heatoptionally from FIG. 2). The resulting biomass 1403 may be transferredto one or more mixing modules 1420 aided by heat 1418 with the additionof solvent 1421 and/or recovered solvent 1437 and/or 1440. Mixingmodules 1420 may also or alternatively receive a mixture of solvent andbiomass 1416 in the same or in separate mixing modules 1420. Theresidual biomass 1426 may be separated 1422 and the solvent containingthe desired product goes through evaporation 1424 facilitated by vacuum1427 and heat 1418B to produce the formulated product in oil 1430. Thesolvent 1437 may be recovered directly from the evaporation unit 1424and/or from solvent vapor 1436 which may be condensed 1438 using cooling1439. The recovered solvent 1440 can be used in the BGM 212. Therecovered solvent 1437 and/or the residual biomass 1426 can be used inthe BGM 212A.

In an embodiment for the production of formulated products in oil 1430biomass and water 1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418 (heatoptionally from FIG. 2) and go through optional cell disruption 1408.The resulting biomass 1417B may be transferred to one or more mixingmodules 1420 aided by heat 1418 (heat optionally from FIG. 2) with theaddition of solvent 1421 and/or recovered solvent 1437 and/or 1440.Mixing modules 1420 may also or alternatively receive a mixture ofsolvent and biomass 1416 in the same or in separate mixing modules 1420.The residual biomass 1426 may be separated 1422 and the solventcontaining the desired product goes through evaporation 1424 facilitatedby vacuum 1427 and heat 1418B (heat optionally from FIG. 2) to producethe formulated product in oil 1430. Exhaust air 1425 from vacuum 1427may be optionally treated for odor control 1300 (FIG. 3). The solvent1437 may be recovered directly from the evaporation unit 1424 and/orfrom solvent vapor 1436 which may be condensed 1438 using cooling 1439(cooling optionally from FIG. 2). The recovered solvent 1440 can be usedin the BGM 212. The recovered solvent 1437 and/or the residual biomass1426 can be used in the BGM 212A.

In one or embodiments for the production of biofuel 1434 biomass andwater 1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418. The resultingbiomass 1403 may be transferred to one or more mixing modules 1420 aidedby heat 1418 with the addition of solvent 1421 and/or recovered solvent1437 and/or 1440. Mixing modules 1420 may also or alternatively receivea mixture of solvent and biomass 1416 in the same or in separate mixingmodules 1420. The residual biomass 1426 may be separated 1422 and sentto the refinery and/or gasification module 1428 to produce biofuel 1434for fuel use 1000 (FIG. 10).

In an embodiment for the production of biofuel 1434 biomass and water1402 may be separated 1404 aided by heat 1418 (heat optionally from FIG.2) and go through optional cell disruption 1408. The resulting biomass1417B may be transferred to one or more mixing modules 1420 aided byheat 1418 (heat optionally from FIG. 2) with the addition of solvent1421 and/or recovered solvent 1437 and/or 1440. Mixing modules 1420 mayalso or alternatively receive a mixture of solvent and biomass 1416 inthe same or in separate mixing modules 1420. The residual biomass 1426may be separated 1422 and sent to the refinery and/or gasificationmodule 1428 to produce biofuel 1434 for fuel use 1000 (FIG. 10).

In an embodiment, the BPP and Refinery may be co-located in order toallow sharing of systems, resources and/or processes. In an embodiment,any or all flows into and out of these facilities may be shared, e.g.,biomass, biofuels, water, heat, cooling, carbon dioxide, as well asstores of materials used in processing biomass and/or biofuels. Somebiomass heating, separation and/or other refining techniques may beshared with the Refinery. In an embodiment, these processes may beperformed at the Refinery and the outflows further processed at the BPP,or vice versa. Any residual biomass from the BPP may be sent to the BGMfor reuse, to a separate gasification module, to a gasification modulesuch as a CHG or anaerobic digestion unit in the thermal plant, and/orto the Refinery for processing into fuels by HTP or other methods.[001007] Location of the Refinery and BPP: Many of the possibleseparation and/or refining processes for biomass in the Refinery and BPPinvolve the use of heat. One current separation/refining technologytype—HTP, and alternate processes also require heat. Some processingsteps may also require cooling, such as condensation of solvents. In anembodiment, waste heat from the thermal plant and/or any other sourcee.g., in the Plan may be used for these purposes, e.g., FIG. 2. In anembodiment, the Refinery and/or BPP may be located in such as way onsiteto make the best use possible of waste heat from the heat-intensiveprocesses. In an embodiment, some aspects ofrefining/separation/processing of biomass may be performed in thethermal plant and/or any other heat generation and/or reclamationprocesses described herein, and the resultant output may be directed tothe Refinery and/or BPP in order to use heat more efficiently. In anembodiment, these plants may also be located with consideration ofefficient transportation of biomass products both onsite and preparationfor export (i.e., proximity to the BBPP).

AIR TREATMENT/ ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 13, aSludge processing module, gasification module, BGM, WWTP, BPP, Refinery,BBPP, Waste Handling/Recycling Plant, WTE Plant, and/or CellulosicEthanol/butanol/Isobutanol unit(s) when used in an embodiment of thePlan, and/or possibly other thermal plant technologies may emit odorsand possibly other gaseous forms of pollution. In an embodiment, thesefacilities may be put under vacuum or draft (e.g., negative airpressure), and the air drawn from them used to feed combustion processesin the thermal plant in order to remove odors and/or other undesirablegases. In an embodiment, fresh portions of air may be provided usingambient air, air from other modules, and/or purification technologiesmay be used to treat the air and/or circulate air back to these unitsand/or for discharge. In an embodiment, this system may also be used tocirculate air through any system e.g., in the Plan that may require airflow for other reasons, such as drying of biomass in the BPP and/orRefinery and/or recycled products in the recycling facility and/or BBPP.In an embodiment, heated air (e.g., from the thermal plant and/or othermodule, e.g., FIG. 2) may be used for these processes, and/or afteroptional heat recovery, the gases may be routed back into this system,as shown. In an embodiment, after exiting a combustion process, the airmay be processed for heat recovery and/or pollution control (e.g., FIGS.7A or 7B), or by another method, and then sent for reuse, e.g., the BGMand/or other uses where carbon dioxide may be beneficial (See FIG. 4)and/or released into the environment. These plants may also oralternatively make use of regenerative thermal oxidizer technology,and/or other air treatment, odor reduction and/or purificationtechnologies. [001009] With reference to FIG. 13, design 1300 comprisesan air treatment odor control configuration wherein optionally presentrefinery and/or BPP 1302, sludge processing module 1304, gasificationmodule 1306, BGM/WWTP 1308, BBPP 206, waste handling/recycling module1318, and thermal plant 1002 optionally comprising combustion processes1326, waste-to-energy module(s) 1328, cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module 1330, and/or other thermal plantprocesses 1332 may be in fluid communication with ambient air source1310. Air purification module 1316 and/or heat recovery module 1314 mayoptionally process any air flow or flows in 1300, and one or morestorage modules 1312 may store air from any one or more flows in 1300.Modules 1302, 1304, 1306, 1308, 206, 1312, 1314, 1316, 1318, 1328, 1330,and/or 1332 may deliver air to combustion processes 1326 in the Thermalplant 1002. Thermal plant combustion processes combust intake air fromthese modules, and the exhaust gases may be routed to heat recoveryand/or pollution control 1324 and either reuse 1322 or discharge ofgases 1320, 1324, 1322 and/or 1320 may be comprised by FIG. 7A, module700 or 7B, module 700A, or by another means known to those in the art.

In reference to FIG. 13 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 1300 configured to use ambient air and optionally reclaim, purifyand deodorize used air wherein the ambient 1310 and/or used air isprovided to and/or from: a thermal plant module 1002; a sludgeprocessing module 1304; a WWTP module 1308; a BGM 1308; a gasificationmodule 1306; a waste handling/recycling module 1318; a heat recoverymodule 1314; a refinery module 1302; a BPP module 1302; a BBPP module206; an air storage module 1312; and/or an optional air purificationmodule 1316. An embodiment includes the system wherein an ambient 1310and/or used air outflow(s) from any one or more of the modules: athermal plant module 1002; a sludge processing module 1304; a WWTPmodule 1308; a BGM 1308; a gasification module 1306; a wastehandling/recycling module 1318; a heat recovery module 1314; a refinerymodule 1302; a BPP module 1302; a BBPP module 206; an air storage module1312; and/or an optional air purification module 1316 is provided to thethermal plant module 1002. An embodiment includes the system wherein thethermal plant module 1002 is configured to process the air outflow(s)using a combustion process 1326. An embodiment includes the systemwherein the combustion process 1326 comprises the combustion of fuels togenerate heat and/or power. An embodiment includes the system whereinthe air outflow(s) from the thermal plant module 1002 is provided to aheat recovery and/or pollution control module 1324. An embodimentincludes the system wherein the air outflow(s) from the heat recoveryand/or pollution control module 1324 is optionally reused 1322 by anyone or more of the modules: a thermal plant module 1002; a sludgeprocessing module 1304; a WWTP module 1308; a BGM 1308; a gasificationmodule 1306; a waste handling/recycling module 1318; a heat recoverymodule 1314; a refinery module 1302; a BPP module 1302; a BBPP module206; an air storage module 1312; and/or an optional air purificationmodule 1316 and/or discharged 1320 external or outside the system.

In reference to FIG. 13 an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod for using ambient air 1310 and optionally reclaiming, purifyingand deodorizing used air wherein the ambient 1310 and/or used air isprovided within a system 1300 to and/or from: a thermal plant module1002; a sludge processing module 1304; a WWTP module 1308; a BGM 1308; agasification module 1306; a waste handling/recycling module 1318; a heatrecovery module 1314; a refinery module 1302; a BPP module 1302; a BBPPmodule 206; an air storage module 1312; and/or an optional airpurification module 1316, comprising receiving ambient and/or used airfrom a module, optionally purifying the ambient and/or used air, andproviding the ambient and/or used air to another module or dischargingthe ambient and/or used air. An embodiment includes the method furthercomprising providing an air outflow(s) from any one or more of themodules: a thermal plant module 1002; a sludge processing module 1304; aWWTP module 1308; a BGM 1308; a gasification module 1306; a wastehandling/recycling module 1318; a heat recovery module 1314; a refinerymodule 1302; a BPP module 1302; a BBPP module 206; an air storage module1312; and/or an optional air purification module 1316, comprisingreceiving ambient and/or used air from a module, optionally purifyingthe ambient and/or used air, and providing the ambient and/or used airto another module or discharging the ambient and/or used air to thethermal plant module 1002 wherein the air comprises ambient 1310,reclaimed, purified, and/or deodorized air. An embodiment includes themethod further comprising directing air to a thermal plant combustionunit or module 1002. An embodiment includes the method furthercomprising directing air from a thermal plant combustion unit or module1002 to a heat recovery and/or pollution control module 1324.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 13, a Sludge processing module,gasification module, BGM, WWTP, BPP, Refinery, BBPP, WasteHandling/Recycling Plant, WTE Plant, and/or CellulosicEthanol/butanol/Isobutanol unit(s) when used in one or more embodimentsof the Plan, and/or possibly other thermal plant technologies may emitodors and/or possibly other gaseous forms of pollution. In anembodiment, these facilities may be put under draft (e.g., negative airpressure), and the air drawn from them used to feed combustion processesin the thermal plant in order to remove odors and/or other undesirablegases. In one or more embodiments, fresh portions of air may be providedusing ambient air, air from other modules, and/or purificationtechnologies may be used to treat the air and/or circulate air back tothese units. In an embodiment, this system may also be used to circulateair through any system in the Plan that may require air flow for otherreasons, such as drying of biomass in the BPP and/or Refinery and/orrecycled products in the recycling facility and/or BBPP. In one or moreembodiments, heated air may be used for these processes, and afteroptional heat recovery, the gases may be routed back into this system,as shown. After exiting a combustion process, the air may be processedfor heat recovery and/or pollution control (e.g., FIGS. 7A or 7B),and/or by another method, and then sent for reuse, such as in the BGMand/or other uses where carbon dioxide may be beneficial (See FIG. 4)and/or released into the environment. These plants may also oralternatively make use of regenerative thermal oxidizer technology,and/or other air treatment, odor reduction and/or purificationtechnologies.

Pressure anywhere e.g., in the Plan may be recovered and reused whereverpresent e.g., in the Plan. With reference to FIG. 23, 2300, pressure maybe recovered from and/or provided back to any of the optionally presentmodules: desalination module 2304, thermal plant 2306, BBPP 2308, powergeneration module 2310, refinery and/or BPP 2312, HTP 2316 and/or energyfor the movement of materials within the Plan 2314. Pressure recoveryand reuse 2302 may be accomplished by any method know to those in theart. Some examples of pressure recovery technologies which may be usedfor this purpose may be a turbine or Pelton wheel, turbocharger,pressure exchanger (such as DWEER, the rotary pressure exchanger, andDannfoss iSave), and energy recovery pumps (such as the Clark pump, theSpectra Pearson pump, and/or other technologies suited to the purpose).

Due to the collocation of different technology types, some of which mayshare aspects of infrastructure, inputs, outputs, resources and/or otheraspects in common, infrastructure may be shared. Also, certain productsmay be synthesized or reclaimed and used e.g., in the Plan in unexpectedbeneficial ways due to the collocation of these typically separatetechnologies and/or modules e.g., in the Plan. FIGS. 24A through 24Jdepict aspects of infrastructure which may be shared, or other synergiescreated e.g., in the Plan which may be related to infrastructure. FIG.24K shows products that may be reclaimed or synthesized within the Plan(in addition to those previously discussed), and shows how some of theseproducts may be used/reused e.g., in the Plan. FIGS. 24L and 24M givesome examples of synergies created in embodiments where a refinery, BPP,and/or BBPP may be used.

With reference to FIG. 24A: In an embodiment, piping and pipinginstallation and conduit infrastructure may be shared between asaltwater BGM, TP salt water cooling (e.g., salt water used to cool athermal plant and/or other process), a desalination plant, BGM/WWTPdischarge(s), and/or brine discharge.

With reference to FIG. 24B: In an embodiment, HTP infrastructure,comprising HTP transportation infrastructure and HTP processinginfrastructure and/or anaerobic digestion infrastructure and/or otherbiomass gasification technologies may be shared to process WWTP sludge,BGM sludge, Biomass to and from any source, and/or BGM biomass.

With reference to FIG. 24C: In an embodiment, biogas purification,treatment, storage and/or heating infrastructure may be shared betweenoptionally HTP gaseous output, natural gas input/output, anaerobicdigestion, WWTP/BGM biogas, and/or gasification module(s).

With reference to FIG. 24D: In an embodiment, air supply/gas supply,automation and flow controls, primary treatment and tertiary treatmentinfrastructure and/or modules optionally may be shared by WWTP, BGM,and/or WWTP when converted to a BGM. [001019] With reference to FIG.24E: In an embodiment, sensors, computerized controls, and systems toautomate and optimize all functions of the design and/or Plan may beimplemented to control and/or optimize inputs, outputs, comprising flowrates and/or other features of the whole of the Plan, design, or system.These systems may comprise an automation system with controls, orautomation system with flow controls comprising an optionallycomputer-controlled system capable of sensing and/or regulating anycondition, process, flow, input, output, in the Plan (e.g., temperature,pH, gas content, flow rate(s), density, dissolved solids, pollutantconcentrations, nutrient levels, light intensity, salinity, and/or othermeasureable characteristics), receiving data, processing it optionallyvia computer, optionally using artificial intelligence or other adaptivecontrols to determine if adjustments to any operational parameters maybe needed, sending one or more signals to one or more systems, whichthen makes one or more physical adjustment(s) in the operationalparameters of the Plan (e.g., a change in a flow rate of fluids, arelease of materials, the startup, increased rate, or decreased rate offunction of a process or technology, directing materials to storageand/or other module, and/or other operational adjustments to themodules, units, subunits, technologies, and/or communications comprisingthe Plan). In an embodiment, any of the processes, technologies, andcontrols may be integrated for all systems in the Plan with computercontrol and automation systems with sensors and computer controls tosense parameters of operation of the entire Plan, and to send signals tocontrol systems to adjust and optimize any aspect of performance,optionally using one or more controller interfaces, and/or robust and/oradaptive controls and/or artificial intelligence (e.g., and industrialcontrol system optionally with adaptive controls and/or artificialintelligence).

With reference to FIG. 24E: In an embodiment, electrical powerdistribution may be shared between all modules, units, subunits,connections, communications, flows, and/or all other features of thesystem and/or Plan.

With reference to FIG. 24F: In an embodiment, intake pipinginfrastructure may optionally be shared by a saltwater BGU, TP saltwater cooling (e.g., salt water used to cool a thermal plant or otherprocess), a desalination plant, and/or salt water for any other selecteduse e.g., in the Plan.

With reference to FIG. 24G: In an embodiment, water lines may beinstalled in the same conduit to reduce infrastructure installationprocess for the supply or discharge of salt water, brine water, brackishwater, fresh water, grey water, and/or potable water.

With reference to FIG. 24H: In an embodiment, any thermal planttechnologies and/or solar thermal technologies optionally present in anyembodiment may share an exhaust gas conveyance, stack, pollution controlmodule(s), pollution entrainment module(s), turbine(s), water/otherfluid source(s), conveyances in and/or out, CO2 storage and/ordistribution systems, chemical storage and/or piping, water piping,fuels, sensors and/or electronic controls, other infrastructure incommon between systems, and/or resources and/or outputs in common.

With reference to FIG. 241: In an embodiment, heat and/or coolingtransmission and/or storage infrastructure may optionally be sharedbetween and/or with any two or more modules with heat and/or coolingoutputs and/or solar thermal modules.

With reference to FIG. 24J: In an embodiment, infrastructure for HTPprocesses and/or combustion of fuels may be shared by BGM biomass, WTEbiomass, and/or agricultural biomass.

With reference to FIG. 24K: In an embodiment, other byproducts of thePlan or byproducts converted to other products e.g., in the Plan maycomprise any of the following: ash (from TP combustion processes) tocement, brine (e.g., from desalination) to hydrogen gas by electrolysis,brine to bleach, brine to sea salt, and from recycling plant module(comprised by waste receiving/recycling module 206): plastic to plasticbottles, straps, and/or packing materials for BBPP, other plastic uses,rubber to rubber chips, wood to pressed wood (e.g., pressed board),glass to glass products, metals to metal products and/or raw materials,paper to paper for cardboard and/or paper products, and other standardrecycling.

With reference to FIG. 24L: In an embodiment, a refinery and/or a BPPmay provide synergies due to colocation with other modules e.g., in thePlan as follows: Prompt processing of biomass into fuels and/or non-fuelproducts for use onsite, for storage, and/or for export offsite. Any ofthe fuels discussed herein may be used onsite. The following non-fuelproducts may be synthesized from biomass onsite and used in systemse.g., in the Plan: lubricants, bioplastics, paper, soil amendments,fertilizer, paints, chemicals, and other useful products. When arefinery and BPP may be both present any one or more embodiments, theymay share any infrastructure in common, resources, inputs, outflows,and/or the outputs or byproducts of a BPP may be processed in a refineryor vice versa.

With reference to FIG. 24M: In an embodiment, a BBPP may providesynergies when integrated into the Plan as follows: Prompt processingand/or bottling of desalinated water from DP to preserve freshness;carbonation of water onsite using optionally purified carbon dioxidefrom Plan (FIG. 4); ability to store and/or transport water from source,which creates a versatile water supply, and which may allow forgeneration of a reserve water supply to meet varying needs or to storefor emergencies; prompt packaging of biomass products after synthesis topreserve optimal freshness; optional carbonation of biomass liquidsonsite using optionally purified carbon dioxide from Plan (FIG. 4); mayuse heat comprising possibly waste heat from thermal plant forprocessing; may use cogenerated cooling from thermal plant heatcomprising waste heat for rapid preservation of water and/or biomassproducts.

DP Brine Disposal Technologies: Brine Disposal to Sea-Discharge to Seaor another water body: In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24A and/or FIG. 3 aDP brine discharge outfall may share some piping and/or other equipmentwith the WWTP/BGM outfall, and/or may utilize the same piping and/oroutfall. In an embodiment, brine may be discharged to land using zeroliquid discharge. In an embodiment, brine may be discharged undergroundand/or by another means known to the person of ordinary skill in theart.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24A and/or FIG. 3, a SWBGU mayshare infrastructure with the optional desalination plant, comprising,for example, the water intake from the sea, pumps, pipes, heat use,water use and/or an outfall. In an embodiment, a SWBGU may use saltwater separately from the desalination plant, it may receive brine assource water from the desalination plant, and/or its output may bedirected to the desalination plant (see description in desalinationsection).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24A, the DP mayshare an intake and/or piping throughout the Plan with a SWBGU, asaltwater cooling source for the thermal plant (if needed), or any ofthese modules/uses for salt water may have separate intakes. Any ofthese modules/sources' intakes, if separate, or the combined intake ifcombined may share some piping and/or other equipment with wastewatertreatment plant, BGM, and/or brine discharge outfall. In one or moreembodiments the intake(s) may provide a source of cooling for anyprocess in the Plan, wherein water from an intake out to sea, especiallya deep-water intake, may be significantly cooler than ambienttemperature on land and may provide cooling. In an embodiment, saltwaterintake water may be used as source water for a SWBGU and/or BWBGU in ahot climate to regulate its temperature. In an embodiment, the saltwater from the intake is used to fill pools and/or other structuressurrounding any BGU and/or BGU component in order to provide coolingand/or temperature modulation, particularly in hot environments. Afteruse in this manner and/or in other cooling application(s), decorativeapplication(s), and/or in any other manner described for heat and/orcooling transfer, comprising possibly heat transfer from the thermalplant to the Plan, the water may be then routed to the DP fordesalination. In this manner, water and/or cooling are provided whereneeded in the Plan (See FIGS. 2 and 3), and in the process, the saltwater is elevated in temperature, which allows for a lower energyrequirement in the desalination process.

In an embodiment, e.g., FIG. 24B and/or FIG. 3, an HTP module or unit,which may be used as described herein to process biomass, and/or similarmethods, may also be used as a means of converting waste into energy.HTP and/or equivalent technologies to a person of ordinary skill may beused to convert a wide variety of organic materials to produce biocrude.An HTP module, unit or equivalent processing system(s) set up forbiomass may be shared with those being used to process solid waste. HTLmay be conducted in accordance with the PNNL process patent WO2013/184317 A1 as shown in FIG. 9. Other variations of HTP or similarprocesses suited to the purpose may also be used.

WWTP/WWTBGU/MFWBGU Solids/Sludge: In an embodiment, e.g., FIGS. 24B,and/or 10 solids and/or sludge from the WWTP, WWTBGU, MFWBGU, and/orother BGUs described herein may be processed in a gasification module(e.g., CHG, anaerobically digested) to produce biogas for powergeneration in the thermal plant. In one or more embodiments, all or partof the biomass from the BGM may also be processed in a gasificationmodule along with the solids referenced or separately using the samegasification equipment, to produce a biogas; and/or WWTP and/or WWTBGUsolids may be injected into the WWTBGU for use in biomass growth; and/orany of the solids referenced may be processed in an HTP system (eitherthe biomass HTP system described herein and/or a separate one) toproduce biocrude for power generation in the thermal plant, with theremaining residue being processed by any of the above methods; and/orthe solids may be processed in another WTE and/or other technology toproduce power and/or fuel (e.g., pyrolysis-based WTE, cellulosic ethanoland/or other methods) for use in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIGS. 24B, 24C and 10, biogasgenerated by processing biomass in a gasification module (e.g., usingCHG and/or anaerobic digesters), and optionally from a landfill used inany onsite process may be used to generate power in the thermal plant.The biogas from the gasification module technologies may undergoprocessing to prepare it for use as fuels and/or storage, comprisingdrying, hydrogen sulfide and/or other pollutant removal, blending withother fuels, condensation to liquids, and/or other techniques known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Gasification module(s), such as CHGmodule(s), anaerobic digesters and/or gas purification, drying,condensation to liquids, treatment, storage and/or heating and/orrelated infrastructure may be shared by BGM biomass, BGM sludge, and/orWWTP sludge and/or the resulting biogas and/or other biogas sources,such as an optional landfill, and/or other optional sources of naturalgas, such as natural gas imported from offsite. Any thermal planttechnologies utilizing gaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas-fired combustionturbines) and/or related infrastructure may be shared by any or all ofthe foregoing systems, and/or also other sources of combustible gas,such as natural gas delivered from offsite for use in the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24B, and/o FIG. 10 HTP comprisesa primary method of “flash separating” biomass from water and/orconverting the biomass to a biocrude and/or other fuels using a processinvolving heat and possibly pressure. In one or more embodiments, thebiocrude that is the product of liquid-based HTP processes such as HTLor RTP may be combusted directly e.g., in burners, heavy motors, e.g.,an engine normally combusting diesel or heavier fuels, and/or otherselect thermal plant technologies to produce power, and/or may befurther refined to many major fuel types, which may be combusted if moreefficient than biocrude given additional refining costs. In anembodiment HTP may convert other biomass and/or waste to biocrude. In anembodiment, HTP may be used as a full substitute for other WTEtechnologies, or a partial replacement in the Plan. In this embodiment,the waste may be heated and/or possibly pressurized, and the organicportion may be liquefied to a form of biocrude (this process is termed“Waste HTP”). In an embodiment, the biocrude may be combusted and/orfurther refined and then combusted to generate power, depending on itsproperties. It is an optional system in the disclosed Plan forwaste-to-energy, comprising optionally the incorporation of biomassstreams, such as agricultural material, wood and/or other organicmaterials into one or more HTP processes. The synergies with the Planare the same as those described for pyrolysis-based WTE Systemsdescribed above, plus the following. In an embodiment, Waste HTPinfrastructure may be shared with BGM Biomass HTP infrastructure, and/orother biomass HTP (Such as agricultural biomass, wood, energy crops,etc.), and the processes may be fully combined or partially combined.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24D, and/or FIG. 3, if a standardWWTP is in operation, and is later adapted into a WWTBGU as understoodby a person of ordinary skill in the art, the primary and/or tertiarytreatment infrastructure initially developed for the WWTP may also beadapted for use in the WWTBGU, and/or possibly parts or all of thesecondary treatment infrastructure as well.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24D and/or FIG. 3, ponds,settling tanks and/or other technologies used in secondary treatment ata WWTP may be used in one or more WWTBGUs as well, and may shareinfrastructure if operating together, and/or in the event of theretrofit or partial or full adaptation of a WWTP system to a WWTBGU,adaptation of initial WWTP ponds, tanks and/or other infrastructure tolater WWTBGU and/or other BGU implementation, depending on design needs.In one or more embodiments, this may also comprise primary treatmentinfrastructure for wastewater, comprising screens, clarifiers,flocculation technologies, settling technologies, and/or other suitableprimary wastewater treatment technologies, and/or tertiary treatmenttechnologies for wastewater, which may comprise tertiary clarifiers,disinfection technologies such as UV, and/or other suitable tertiarywastewater treatment technologies. For example, a UV treatment systemmay be shared between one or more WWTBGUs and WWTPs where both are usedconcurrently, or it may be adapted for use in a WWTBGU in the event aWWTBGU is implemented to replace a WWTP.

Electrical: In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24D, an electricsubstation near the influent pumping equipment may be shared by one ormore WWTBGUs and WWTPs, or adapted for replacement of a WWTP by aWWTBGU. Sensors, computer controls, control modules, software, hardwareand/or other electrical systems may also be shared among these systems,adapted from one to the other, and may be integrated with the rest ofthe modules of the Plan.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24D and/or FIG. 6, an air/oxygendelivery system used for any purpose in a system or Plan may be adaptedand/or converted to a Carbon Dioxide delivery system, e.g., to support aphotosynthetic WWTBGU, or to an oxygen or air delivery system suited tobiomass growth in a BGU type that requires oxygen or air, or to anoxygen, air or carbon dioxide delivery system to support BGUs with theserequirements.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG (table) 24E and/or FIG (table)24H, one or more connections, communications, and/or synergies describedherein between the thermal plant and other processes in the Plan may beestablished using any number of the different technologies comprisingthe “thermal plant” (e.g., carbon dioxide may be supplied to the BGMfrom either a combustion turbine or a waste-to-energy incinerator, both,and/or any other thermal plant technologies generating carbon dioxidewhen these technologies are in use as the thermal plant). In one or moreembodiments, different technologies and/or fuel sources may be used tocomprise the thermal plant, comprising conventional power generationsystems, waste-to-energy, and/or other thermal plant technologies may beintegrated to share infrastructure and/or resources, e.g., fuels, heat,water, power, emission control modules, computer controls or modules,and/or other resources. Infrastructure sharing may comprise one or moreelectrical substations, transmission lines, other electricalinfrastructure known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, exhaustgas conveyances, stacks, pollution control modules, pollutionentrainment modules (e.g., as in FIGS. 7A or 7B) and/or other emissioncontrols, carbon dioxide, methane, biogas, oxygen and/or other gastransport lines and/or storage, water, water/biomass slurry, biofuel,other fuel, other liquid transportation and/or storage, cooling systems,heat exchangers, and/or other components that may be shared betweenthermal plants. In some embodiments, fuels may be generated/processed byone technology in the thermal plant and used to generate power and/orheat using another thermal plant technology, e.g., fuels may begenerated in a WTE technology, processed with thermal plant heat, and/orcombusted in a power plant comprised by the thermal plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24H and/or FIG. 24C, and/or FIG.10 one or more fuel sources onsite and/or offsite may share powergeneration technologies in the thermal plant, reducing infrastructurecosts (e.g., biomass biocrude, WTE biocrude, HTP biocrude and/or otherfuel sources sharing a thermal plant technology). In one or moreembodiments, thermal plant technologies, comprising WTE and/or powergeneration technologies, may share carbon dioxide transportation and/ordistribution infrastructure, cooling water and/or heated watertransport, heat use, emission controls (e.g., exhaust gases may sharethe infrastructure shown, for example in FIGS. 7B or 7B), and/or allother infrastructure in common to these technologies. Air EmissionsControls: In one or more embodiments, the Plan will have in place all ofthe modern air pollution controls, as needed, for the emissions beinggenerated.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24H, the Plan mayuse solar thermal technologies (e.g., solar troughs) for preheatingseawater for desalination, a BGM output for HTP, for power generation,or for introduction of heat into the Plan wherever needed (e.g., FIG.3). If a solar thermal technology is used, it may share steam turbineswith those already in thermal plant.

In an embodiment, e.g., 24K, an end product of incineration and/or otherdirect-combustion WTE technologies may be ash, which may be used toproduce cement. In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 2 and/or FIG.24K, waste heat may be used for power generation to achieveelectrolysis, e.g., sodium hypochlorite (bleach) may be synthesized fromDP brine discharge using brine electrolysis. The bleach may be usedthroughout the Plan for disinfection, cleaning, and/or other uses,and/or exported offsite.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 24K and/or FIG. 10, brineelectrolysis provide hydrogen gas. The hydrogen may be used in a fuelcell to produce electricity, and/or returned to the thermal plant forcombustion.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 24K, sea salt maybe manufactured from the DP brine discharge and sold off-site. In one ormore embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, DP demineralized water may be suppliedfor use in the thermal plant where needed in any thermal plant system(e.g., combustion turbines, if used, and/or other power systems). In oneor more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 3, DP desalinated water (with mineralsadded back) may be supplied for use as appropriate in the thermal plant(e.g., combustion turbines and/or other power systems).

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K bottleblowing, washing, filling, and/or capping may be combined into oneintegrated system. Integrated systems reduce bacteriological loading(disinfection), reduce production costs, decrease line footprint, reducebottle costs, and increase line efficiency. A bottle to bottle recyclingfacility may be included in the Plan to allow for direct use of recycledPET and/or other materials for plastic bottle manufacture. This type offacility may be coupled with the waste handling/recycling plant.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 10 and/or FIG. 24K, plastic maybe recycled from the waste receiving and processing area. The endproduct of the recycled plastic would be cleaned, disinfected, and/orshredded plastic material. This material may then be utilized in thebottle manufacturing process at the BBPP. Packaging materials for theBBPP and/or other modules in the Plan, such as the refinery may alsocome from the waste handling/recycling plant described herein, includingpossibly plastic, cardboard, and/or wood pallets. Bottle to bottlerecycling facility may be included in the Plan to allow for direct useof recycled PET and/or other materials for plastic bottle manufacture.This type of facility may be coupled with the waste handling/recyclingplant. The end product of the recycled plastic would be cleaned,disinfected, and/or shredded plastic material. This material may then beutilized in the bottle manufacturing process at the BBPP. Packagingmaterials for the BBPP may also come from the waste handling/recyclingplant described herein, comprising possibly plastic, glass, cardboard,wood pallets and/or other recycled materials. Waste heat from thethermal plant and/or heat recovered from other sources in the Plan(e.g., FIG. 2) may be used to generate cooling, such as air conditioningand/or refrigeration for cooling buildings and/or for refrigeration ofbiomass products, for cooling the BGM where beneficial, and/or for otheruses.

With reference to FIG. 25, design 2500, in an embodiment oxygensource(s) in the Plan may be supplied to modules and/or technologiesusing, storing, transporting, and/or processing oxygen. For example,WWTP/BGM 402 optionally comprises any of the following: WWTP 402A;autotrophic BGU 402B; mixotrophic BGU 402C; heterotrophic BGU 402D. Inan embodiment, thermal plant 222 optionally comprises oxy-fuel processes2508 (e.g. to reduce NOx emissions) and/or other processes using oxygen2510, such as those generating fuels of various kinds (e.g., cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol) which may require or benefit from oxygen(e.g., oxygen concentrations higher than air, or replenishment of oxygenwhere it may be being depleted by a process). The following modules ortechnologies optionally present in any embodiment may generate and/orsupply oxygen, and/or may release it after performing functions forreuse in the grid: autotrophic BGU 402B; mixotrophic BGU 402C; module(s)for oxygen distribution for use, reuse, storage, purification and/orother processing in any manner known to those in the art 2504, and/oroffsite oxygen sources 2502. Any one or more of these sources of oxygenmay provide oxygen optionally to modules requiring oxygen or which maybe benefitted by oxygen, optionally comprising any of the following:refinery and/or BPP 202; WWTP 402A, sludge processing 404, mixotrophicBGU(s) 402C, heterotrophic BGU(s), BBPP 206; Thermal plant 222, modulesfor oxygen distribution for use, reuse, storage, purification and/orother processing in any manner known to those in the art 2504, and/orfor export and/or discharge 2506.

With reference to FIG. 25, in an embodiment, the use of oxygen in theRefinery and/or BPP may comprise any processes where oxygen may beneeded or may be beneficial to processing biomass (e.g., bacterialprocessing of biomass into fuels and/or other products, other separationand/or refining techniques). Mixotrophic BGUs may both use and emitoxygen. Oxygen may be used in Thermal Plant oxy-fuel processes whereinoxygen may be injected into the intake for combustion processes of anykind, increasing the oxygen content of the gases used for combustion,and decreasing nitrogen content. The resulting combustion dischargegases may be lower in NOx emissions. In an embodiment, autotrophicand/or mixotrophic BGUs provide an oxygen stream for use in thermalplant oxy-fuel processes.

With reference to FIG. 25 an embodiment of the disclosure includes asystem 2500 for power generation and fuel production, configured to useand reclaim oxygen wherein the oxygen is provided to the system by: anautotrophic BGU(s) 402B configured to generate oxygen; a mixotrophicBGU(s) 402C configured to generate oxygen; an offsite oxygen source(s)2502; and/or a module(s) for oxygen use, reuse, distribution,purification, and/or processing 2504. An embodiment includes the systemwherein oxygen is provided to: a refinery module 202; a BPP module 202;a traditional WWTP module 420A; a mixotrophic BGU(s) 402C; aheterotrophic BGU(s) 402D; a BBPP module 206; a sludge processing module404; a thermal plant module 222; a module(s) for oxygen use, reuse,distribution, purification, and/or processing 2504; and/or a module(s)for oxygen export and/or discharge 2506. An embodiment includes thesystem wherein oxygen is provided by an autotrophic BGU(s) 402Bconfigured to generate oxygen. An embodiment includes the system whereinoxygen is provided by a mixotrophic BGU(s) 402C configured to generateoxygen. An embodiment includes the system wherein oxygen is supplied toone or more thermal plant oxy-fuel process module(s) 2508, 2510. Anembodiment includes the system wherein oxygen is supplied to amixotrophic BGU(s) 402C. An embodiment includes the system whereinoxygen is supplied to a heterotrophic BGU(s) 402D.

In reference to FIG. 25 an embodiment of the disclosure includes amethod for using and reclaiming oxygen wherein the oxygen is providedby: an autotrophic BGU(s) 402B; a mixotrophic BGU(s) 402C; an offsiteoxygen source(s) 2502; and/or a module(s) for oxygen use, reuse,distribution, purification, and/or processing 2504, the methodcomprising capturing oxygen from: an autotrophic BGU(s) 402B; amixotrophic BGU(s) 402C; an offsite oxygen source(s) 2502; and/or amodule(s) for oxygen use, reuse, distribution, purification, and/orprocessing 2504 and providing the oxygen to another module. Anembodiment includes the method wherein oxygen is provided to: a refinerymodule 202; a BPP module 202; a traditional WWTP module 420A; amixotrophic BGU(s) 402C; a heterotrophic BGU(s) 402D; a BBPP module 206;a sludge processing module 404; a thermal plant module 222; a module(s)for oxygen use, reuse, distribution, purification, and/or processing2504; and/or a module(s) for oxygen export and/or discharge 2506. Anembodiment includes the method wherein oxygen is provided by anautotrophic BGU(s) 402B. An embodiment includes the method whereinoxygen is provided by a mixotrophic BGU(s) 402C. An embodiment includesthe method wherein oxygen is supplied to one or more thermal plantoxy-fuel process module(s) 2508, 2510, optionally comprising oxy-fuelcombustion and/or other means known to the art to increase the ratio ofoxygen to other gases in combustion processes. An embodiment includesthe method wherein oxygen is supplied to a mixotrophic BGU(s) 402C. Anembodiment includes the method wherein oxygen is supplied to aheterotrophic BGU(s) 402D.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 25, oxygen and/or other gasesreleased from a BGU may be collected and/or stored and/or rerouted foruse in heterotrophic biomass growth processes, in a WWTP, in otherprocesses beneficial to the Plan, and/or may be marketed.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 25, oxygen produced in the BGMand/or produced and/or reclaimed from other sources as in FIG. 25 may beinjected in whole or in part to comprise in whole or in part the gaseousinflow of any thermal plant combustion technology in any means known tothose in the art as a means: to reduce the formation of NOx in thermalplant emissions; to reduce fuel consumption (e.g., by reducing theamount of nitrogen in the air that is both heated and converted into NOxemissions); to reduce the volume of exhaust gas produced in combustion;to reduce heat loss in the exhaust gas; to produce a higher proportionof CO2 in exhaust; to concentrate pollutants in a smaller volume ofexhaust gas to allow for easier separation from the exhaust gases; tomake the exhaust gases more condensable to allow for compressionseparation; to recapture heat of condensation; and/or to provide otherpotential benefits in combustion processes.

In one or more embodiments, e.g., FIG. 25, injection of oxygen maycomprise oxy-fuel processes, optionally comprising oxy-fuel combustion,and/or other processes involving partial or total replacement of inflowgas with oxygen, and/or injection of oxygen as only a part of thermalplant inlet gas content. For example, oxygen that is substantially pure,or gases which comprise 30 to 80% oxygen, or 40-85% oxygen, or 50-90%oxygen, or 60-95% oxygen may be collected from one or more BGU growingsubunit(s) and/or other BGU subunits and/or other modules and/or offsitesources and supplied to one or more thermal plant combustion process ata rate of 10% to 50% of the gases consumed, or 25% to 100%, or 30% to80%, or 50% to 90%, or 35% to 95%, with the rest of the gases used incombustion comprising another gas or mixture of gases, e.g. air. In oneor more embodiments, oxygen may be injected in variable amounts and/orproportions to other thermal plant inflow gas source(s) at differenttimes based on any operating parameter(s) in the thermal plant, and/orPlan operational goals and/or limits (e.g., combustion rates, inflow airrequirements, emissions requirements, amount of oxygen available, and/orother considerations). Sensors throughout the Plan, comprising thosewhich measure operational parameters (e.g., combustion rate(s) in thethermal plant, gas flow rate(s), oxygen production rate in the BGM,temperatures, emissions, and/or other parameters) may be used to sendsignals to an automated system which may adjust the flow of oxygen, airand/or fuel injected into thermal plant gas inflows and/or otheroperational characteristics of the Plan, comprising thermal plantoperations.

FIG. 28 depicts a high-level view 2800 of many aspects of the disclosedPlan, design, and/or system (or “the Plan”) in an embodiment, with manyoptional features depicted. In various embodiments, the Plan of thedisclosure may offer a flexible platform for local resource optimization(e.g., use of water, fuels, waste, heat, gases, etc.) by the integrationof different modules, units, subunits, technologies and/or componentsand connections, interactions and/or communications e.g., between them,which may be selected as described herein to implement embodiments ofthe Plan of the present disclosure effectively in various embodiments(e.g., based on climate, environmental issues, waste streams, wateravailability, existing infrastructure which may be incorporated intoembodiments of the Plan, etc.). As such, the disclosed Plan may describemany features which may be optional in some embodiments. Other figuresdisclosed herein illustrate many features in greater detail, such asoptional connections and/or communications depicted between modules,technologies and/or other features, which are depicted by lines andarrows between features of the Plan in FIG. 28. With reference to FIG.28, in an embodiment, the Plan comprises optionally:

A thermal plant module 108 optionally comprising one or moretechnologies which may generate carbon dioxide and/or heat, systemswhich generate fuels or fuel precursors, and/or systems which maycommunicate with, connect to, and/or otherwise support thermal planttechnologies or systems, comprising one or more of: power planttechnologies; waste-to-energy technologies; such as an incinerator;other direct combustion systems 108; a plasma gasification unit 1020; anHTP unit 1010; a pyrolysis unit 1009; and a cellulosicethanol/cellulosic butanol/cellulosic isobutanol unit (cellulosicethanol/IsoB) 1012, a desorber/condenser unit 1016, and/or otherfuel-producing technologies unit(s) 1018; a rotary kiln incinerator unit226, and/or other technologies fitting the definition of a thermalplant. The systems, technologies and/or other features of a thermalplant may share infrastructure as described herein (e.g., FIGS. 24B,24C, 24E, 24H, 24I, 24J).

The thermal plant module 108 may comprise inputs of one or more of thefollowing from other modules, units, subunits, technologies and/orfeatures of the Plan as depicted: water 160, 314 of one or more watertypes (e.g., FIG. 3); biogas 127, 132; other biofuels comprising:biocrude, ethanol, refined biofuels, biogas, biomass, and/or hydrogen132, 1058, 1060; a biomass/water slurry and/or biofuel/water slurry 130;combustible fuels (e.g., from other thermal plant fuel-generatingtechnologies) 1006; treated wastewater (e.g. FIG. 3); waste oil 1032;waste (for fuel) 1030; offsite fuels 1064; hazardous waste 1026; and airoptionally from an odor control system (e.g., FIG. 13). The thermalplant may comprise outputs of the following to the Plan: Power 2082(e.g., electricity), Heat 134 for use in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2);biofuels 1062; carbon dioxide for use in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 4);wastewater for use in the Plan (e.g., FIG. 2); and/or Ash for cementproduction (e.g., FIG. 24K).

A WWTP module and/or BGM 110, 212, may comprise one or more of: atraditional WWTP 402A, a wastewater BGU 402B, a freshwater BGU 402C, asaltwater BGU 402D, and/or a brackish water BGU 402E. Other BGU typesmay be present, being comprised by those given, such as a brine waterBGU, and/or a mixed fresh water BGU. These modules may share watersources and/or may mix different water sources (e.g., FIG. 3), the WWTPmodule and BGM or any BGU comprised by the BGM when present in certainembodiments, may exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen e.g., FIG. 4, FIG.25 and/or may share some infrastructure among the different modulese.g., FIG. 24B, 24D, 24F, 24G.

The WWTP module and/or BGM 110, 212 may comprise one or more inputs fromthe Plan of: heat and/or cooling, e.g., FIG. 2; carbon dioxide 412;water optionally comprising: wastewater, salt water, brine water, and/orfresh water (non-wastewater) e.g., FIG. 3, 302. The WWTP/BGM 110, 212may comprise outputs to the Plan selected from one or more of: abiomass/water slurry or biofuel/water slurry 130; a water dischargee.g., FIG. 3; treated wastewater e.g., FIG. 3, and/or a sludge 128.

A sludge processing module 126, 131 optionally comprises a gasificationmodule 125 which optionally comprises: a CHG unit; an anaerobicdigestion unit; and/or other technologies to process sludge 128. Thesludge processing plant may comprise an input from the Plan of sludge128, and may comprise optional outputs to the Plan of fuel (e.g.,biogas) 127, soil amendments and/or fertilizer e.g., FIG. 24L. Otherfunctions of the gasification module are herein disclosed.

A refinery module 202 and/or BPP module 202 may comprise: an HTP module202A; an anaerobic digestion module 202B, a supercritical fluidsextraction module 202C; and/or other processes to separate, refine,process, alter, mix, prepare, and otherwise process materials (e.g.,systems and/or methods herein disclosed and/or known to the person ofskill in the art to process e.g., biomass, portions of biomass, biogas,biofuels, biocrude, petro fuels, hydrogen, water, solvents, otherfluids, and/or residuals, etc.) 202D.

The refinery and/or BPP may comprise inputs from the Plan of: abiomass/water slurry and/or biofuel/water slurry 130; biomass products,biocrude, ethanol, biogas and/or other biofuels 132; biofuels 1062,and/or sludge 128. The refinery and/or BPP may comprise outputs to thePlan of: biomass and/or fuel 1046, biomass products, biocrude, ethanol,biogas and/or other biofuels 132; water e.g., wastewater, FIG. 3.

An optional desalination module 145 may optionally comprise:filtration-based technologies and/or distillation-based technologies,and/or other technologies capable of performing desalination, comprisingoptionally BGUs which may produce fresh water from salt water 402D. Thedesalination module may also comprise energy recovery/pressure recoveryfor use in the Plan e.g., FIG. 23.

The desalination module 145 may comprise inputs from the Plan of: saltwater e.g., FIG. 3; heat e.g., FIG. 2; and/or carbon dioxide e.g., FIG.4. The desalination module may comprise outputs to the Plan of: water(e.g., drinking water) e.g., FIG. 3; brine water e.g., FIG. 3, bleache.g., FIG. 24K, Sea Salt e.g., FIG. 24K, and/or wastewater e.g., FIG. 2.

The desalination module 145 may comprise a brine discharge outfall e.g.,FIG. 2, FIG. 24A, which may share some infrastructure with the WWTP/BGM110, 212 and/or thermal plant module 108. The brine discharge module mayreceive inputs from the Plan of brine water e.g., FIG. 3, and/or otherwater types (e.g., those of lower salinity) e.g., FIG. 3.

A solar thermal module 230 may provide an input or output of heat to thePlan (e.g., FIG. 2).

An optional BBPP module which may comprise processing, preserving,bottling, packaging and/or storage of materials (e.g., processing and/orbottling water, liquid biomass products, and/or other liquids comprisingfuels, packaging gases, and/or processing and/or packaging solid biomassproducts) 144.

The BBPP may comprise inputs to the Plan of: water e.g., FIG. 3; biomassand/or fuel 1046; and/or recycled products e.g., FIG. 24K. The BBPP maycomprise outputs to the Plan of: biomass, fuel (e.g., biofuel), and/orproducts (e.g., biomass and/or biomass-derived products) 1044; and/orwastewater e.g., FIG. 3.

An optional recycling/waste receiving module comprises facilities toreceive, sort, recycle and/or otherwise process waste (e.g., municipalsanitary waste, hazardous waste, construction and/or demolition waste)206. The recycling/waste receiving module 206 optionally providesoutputs to the Plan of: recycled products (e.g., FIG. 24K); waste forfuel 1030; hazardous waste 1026; wastewater (e.g., FIG. 3), and airoptionally to an odor reduction system (e.g., FIG. 13).

Modules are provided for the export of products generated and/orpackaged in the Plan 1044, optionally comprising: bottled water (e.g.,FIG. 3); biomass products, biocrude, ethanol, biogas and/or otherbiofuels 1044, 132, 1058, 1060; bleach (e.g., FIG. 24K), and/or sea salt(e.g., FIG. 24K).

Modules for irrigation, firefighting, fountains and/or lakes 307 may becomprised by the Plan, and may receive input(s) from the Plan of water(e.g., treated wastewater, e.g., FIG. 2).

Optional connections and/or communications e.g., between particularmodules, units, subunits, technologies, components and/or features aredepicted by lines and arrows between them on FIG. 28 and are labeledwith other figure numbers and/or feature reference numbers in the Plan,and are further illustrated in other figures of the disclosure anddescribed herein. Other modules, units, subunits, technologies,components and features and connections and/or communications notdepicted in FIG. 28 may be disclosed in other figures, and/ordescription of the present disclosure (e.g., the Plan).

In the Figures, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughoutthe various views unless otherwise indicated. For reference numeralswith letter character designations such as “102A” or “102B”, the lettercharacter designations may differentiate two like parts or elementspresent in the same Figure. Letter character designations for referencenumerals may be omitted when it may be intended that a reference numeralto encompass all parts having the same reference numeral in all Figures.FIG. 6 and/or U.S. Provisional Application No. 62173905, filed Jun. 10,2015, Appendix 2 show some possible processing steps that may be used inthe growth and downstream processing of biomass. FIGS. 2A- 2E fromAppendix 2 show various process variations for generation of usefulproducts and based respectively on autotrophic, heterotrophic, ormixotrophic cultivation. These and/or other downstream processingmethods may be used to process biomass. FIG. 6 shows an example BGU witha biomass growth subunit and several possible supporting subunits. Anyor all of these subunits may be used to comprise a BGU, or othersubunits or systems suited to the purpose of biomass growth. PatentUS20090197322 A1, FIG. 3 from Appendix 2 shows some other examples ofthe major steps involved in the downstream processing of the varioususeful products which may be used to process biomass in the disclosedPlan. FIGS. 4 to 9 from Appendix 2 show downstream processing forextraction of useful products consistent with respective products ofcultivation.

TABLE 1 Any combination herein is optionally collocated: A thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from a) a BGM; A thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinerymodule; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from e) a recycling module; A thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPPmodule; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storage module; Athermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; A thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from i) a waste to energy module; A thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromj) a biogas storage module; A thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/coolingstorage module; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recoverymodule; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge;and/or A thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a module optionally comprised bythe thermal plant module selected from: A thermal plant module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) apyrolysis processes module; A thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermalprocessing module; A thermal plant module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A BGM provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; A BGM provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinerymodule; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A BGM provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an airconditioning/heating module; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A BGMprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromf) a BBPP module; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from g) a products storage module; A BGM providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) adesalination module; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; A BGMprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromj) a biogas storage module; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; ABGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or coolingfrom l) a heat/cooling recovery module; A BGM provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/coolingfor use outside of the Plan; A BGM provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from o) a module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module selected from: A BGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; ABGM provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or coolingfrom o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A BGM provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A BGM provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 4) adesorber/condenser module. A refinery module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; A refinerymodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from b) a refinery module; A refinery module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPPmodule; A refinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module;A refinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A refinery module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) aBBPP module; A refinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storage module; Arefinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from h) a desalination module; A refinery module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) awaste to energy module; A refinery module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module;A refinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; A refinery moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froml) a heat/cooling recovery module; A refinery module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m)heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan; A refinery module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n)heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A refinery module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: Arefinery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A refinerymodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A refinery moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A refinerymodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A BPP module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) aBGM; A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from b) a refinery module; A BPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPPmodule; A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A BPPmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from e) a recycling module; A BPP module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; ABPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from g) a products storage module; A BPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) adesalination module; A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; A BPPmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from j) a biogas storage module; A BPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from k) aheat/cooling storage module; A BPP module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recoverymodule; A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan;A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A BPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo) a module optionally comprised by the thermal plant module selectedfrom: A BPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A BPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A BPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A BPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. An air conditioning/heating moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froma) a BGM; An air conditioning/heating module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinerymodule; An air conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module;An air conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recycling module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storage module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; Anair conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; Anair conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; An air conditioning/heating module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/coolingfor discharge; and/or An air conditioning/heating module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: An airconditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Anair conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processingmodule; An air conditioning/heating module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or An air conditioning/heatingmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A recycling moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froma) a BGM; A recycling module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinery module; A recyclingmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from c) a BPP module; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an airconditioning/heating module; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recyclingmodule; A recycling module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A recycling moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromg) a products storage module; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalinationmodule; A recycling module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; Arecycling module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; A recycling moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromk) a heat/cooling storage module; A recycling module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) aheat/cooling recovery module; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/coolingfor use outside of the Plan; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/coolingfor discharge; and/or A recycling module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module selected from: A recycling moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A recycling module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) ahydrothermal processing module; A recycling module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A recycling module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 4) adesorber/condenser module. A BBPP module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; A BBPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromb) a refinery module; A BBPP module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A BBPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromd) an air conditioning/heating module; A BBPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) arecycling module; A BBPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A BBPP moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromg) a products storage module; A BBPP module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; ABBPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from i) a waste to energy module; A BBPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogasstorage module; A BBPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; ABBPP module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; A BBPP module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m)heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan; A BBPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n)heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A BBPP module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: A BBPPmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A BBPP module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) ahydrothermal processing module; A BBPP module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A BBPP module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 4) adesorber/condenser module. A products storage module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; Aproducts storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from b) a refinery module; A products storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromc) a BPP module; A products storage module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an airconditioning/heating module; A products storage module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) arecycling module; A products storage module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A productsstorage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from g) a products storage module; A products storagemodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from h) a desalination module; A products storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromi) a waste to energy module; A products storage module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogasstorage module; A products storage module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storagemodule; A products storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; Aproducts storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan;A products storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge;and/or A products storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a module optionally comprised bythe thermal plant module selected from: A products storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A products storage module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) ahydrothermal processing module; A products storage module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A products storagemodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A desalination moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froma) a BGM; A desalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinery module; A desalinationmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from c) a BPP module; A desalination module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an airconditioning/heating module; A desalination module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recyclingmodule; A desalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A desalinationmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from g) a products storage module; A desalination moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromh) a desalination module; A desalination module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energymodule; A desalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; Adesalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; A desalinationmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; A desalination moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromm) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan; A desalination moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromn) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A desalination module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) amodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: Adesalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; A desalinationmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A desalinationmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module;and/or A desalination module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. Awaste to energy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; A waste to energy module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) arefinery module; A waste to energy module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A waste toenergy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A waste toenergy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A waste to energy moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromf) a BBPP module; A waste to energy module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storagemodule; A waste to energy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; A waste toenergy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; A waste to energymodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from j) a biogas storage module; A waste to energy moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromk) a heat/cooling storage module; A waste to energy module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) aheat/cooling recovery module; A waste to energy module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m)heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan; A waste to energy moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromn) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A waste to energy moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo) a module optionally comprised by the thermal plant module selectedfrom: A waste to energy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Awaste to energy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A wasteto energy module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule; and/or A waste to energy module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 4) a desorber/condensermodule. A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; A biogas storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromb) a refinery module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; Abiogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A biogasstorage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A biogas storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromf) a BBPP module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storagemodule; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; A biogasstorage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; A biogas storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromj) a biogas storage module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/coolingstorage module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recoverymodule; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge;and/or A biogas storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a module optionally comprised bythe thermal plant module selected from: A biogas storage module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) apyrolysis processes module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermalprocessing module; A biogas storage module provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A biogas storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A heat/cooling storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froma) a BGM; A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinery module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A heat/coolingstorage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A heat/coolingstorage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A heat/cooling storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromg) a products storage module; A heat/cooling storage module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) adesalination module; A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energymodule; A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Aheat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processingmodule; A heat/cooling storage module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A heat/cooling storage moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A heat/cooling recovery moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling froma) a BGM; A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinery module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A heat/coolingrecovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from e) a recycling module; A heat/coolingrecovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heatand/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A heat/cooling recovery moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromg) a products storage module; A heat/cooling recovery module providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) adesalination module; A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energymodule; A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Aheat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processingmodule; A heat/cooling recovery module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A heat/cooling recovery moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. Heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from a) a BGM; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromb) a refinery module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromc) a BPP module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) anair conditioning/heating module; Heating/cooling for use outside of thePlan provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or coolingfrom e) a recycling module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromf) a BBPP module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from g) aproducts storage module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromh) a desalination module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromi) a waste to energy module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromj) a biogas storage module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Planprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromk) a heat/cooling storage module; Heating/cooling for use outside of thePlan provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or coolingfrom l) a heat/cooling recovery module; Heating/cooling for use outsideof the Plan provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan;Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) amodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from:Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan provides heat and/or coolingto and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processesmodule; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermalprocessing module; Heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan providesheat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or Heating/cooling foruse outside of the Plan provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module.Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; Heating/cooling fordischarge provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from b) a refinery module; Heating/cooling for dischargeprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromc) a BPP module; Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from d) an airconditioning/heating module; Heating/cooling for discharge provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) arecycling module; Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a products storage module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside ofthe Plan; Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling fordischarge; and/or Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o) a moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from:Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module;Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processingmodule; Heating/cooling for discharge provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or Heating/cooling for dischargeprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A pyrolysis processes moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; Apyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from b) a refinery module; A pyrolysis processes moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; Apyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A pyrolysisprocesses module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling frome) a recycling module; A pyrolysis processes module optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A pyrolysisprocesses module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromg) a products storage module; A pyrolysis processes module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; Apyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from i) a waste to energy module; A pyrolysis processes moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storagemodule; A pyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; A pyrolysis processesmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) aheat/cooling recovery module; A pyrolysis processes module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for useoutside of the Plan; A pyrolysis processes module optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge;and/or A pyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o) a module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule selected from: A pyrolysis processes module optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Apyrolysis processes module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A pyrolysisprocesses module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A pyrolysisprocesses module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A hydrothermal processing moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from b) a refinery module; A hydrothermal processing moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A hydrothermalprocessing module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling frome) a recycling module; A hydrothermal processing module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from g) a products storage module; A hydrothermal processingmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) adesalination module; A hydrothermal processing module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from j) a biogas storage module; A hydrothermal processingmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from k) aheat/cooling storage module; A hydrothermal processing module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) a heat/cooling recoverymodule; A hydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan;A hydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or A hydrothermalprocessing module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo) a module optionally comprised by the thermal plant module selectedfrom: A hydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; A hydrothermalprocessing module optionally comprised by the thermal plant moduleprovides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling fromo. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or Ahydrothermal processing module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from a) a BGM; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from b) a refinerymodule; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from e) a recycling module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from f) a BBPP module; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a productsstorage module; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from h) a desalinationmodule; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste to energy module; Acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from l) a heat/cooling recovery module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from m) heating/cooling for use outside of the Plan; Acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or Acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from o) a module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module selected from: A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) apyrolysis processes module; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 2) ahydrothermal processing module; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 3) acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module. A desorber/condensermodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from a) a BGM; Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from b) a refinery module; A desorber/condenser moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from c) a BPP module; Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from d) an air conditioning/heating module; A desorber/condensermodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from e) arecycling module; A desorber/condenser module optionally comprised bythe thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from f) a BBPP module; A desorber/condenser moduleoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/orcooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from g) a productsstorage module; A desorber/condenser module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from h) a desalination module; A desorber/condensermodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from i) a waste toenergy module; A desorber/condenser module optionally comprised by thethermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from j) a biogas storage module; Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from k) a heat/cooling storage module; A desorber/condensermodule optionally comprised by the thermal plant module provides heatand/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from l) aheat/cooling recovery module; A desorber/condenser module optionallycomprised by the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling toand/or reclaims heat and/or cooling from m) heating/cooling for useoutside of the Plan; A desorber/condenser module optionally comprised bythe thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaimsheat and/or cooling from n) heating/cooling for discharge; and/or Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o) a module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule selected from: A desorber/condenser module optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/orreclaims heat and/or cooling from o. 1) a pyrolysis processes module; Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 2) a hydrothermal processing module; Adesorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermal plantmodule provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 3) a cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module;and/or A desorber/condenser module optionally comprised by the thermalplant module provides heat and/or cooling to and/or reclaims heat and/orcooling from o. 4) a desorber/condenser module.

TABLE 2 Any combination herein is optionally collocated: Water from afresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from a) a fresh water source; Water from a fresh water sourceis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) afresh water pretreatment module; Water from a fresh water source isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) asalt water intake; Water from a fresh water source is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from a fresh water source is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) apreheating/cooling module; Water from a fresh water source is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a waterstorage module; Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from afresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from h) firefighting; Water from a fresh water source isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from afresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from k) cleaning; Water from a fresh water source is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) a BGM; Waterfrom a fresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Water from a freshwater source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from n) a refinery module; Water from a fresh water source isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) aBPP module; Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or coolingto the Plan; Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module;Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from afresh water source is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from s) a BBPP module; Water from a fresh water source isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from a fresh water source is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from a fresh water source is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) a processing and/ortreatment module; and/or Water from a fresh water source is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermal plantmodule. Water from a fresh water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh watersource; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) asalt water intake; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) asalt water pretreatment module; Water from a fresh water pretreatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a fresh waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a fresh waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from g) irrigation; Water from a fresh water pretreatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom h) firefighting; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water froma fresh water pretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from a fresh waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from l) a BGM; Water from a fresh water pretreatment moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) atraditional WWTP module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) arefinery module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) aBPP module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/orcooling to the Plan; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) awaste receiving module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) aBBPP module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from a fresh water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u)water for discharge/export; Water from a fresh water pretreatment moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a fresh waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from a salt waterintake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom a) a fresh water source; Water from a salt water intake is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a salt water intake is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt waterintake; Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module;Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water froma salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a salt waterintake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom g) irrigation; Water from a salt water intake is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting;Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Water from a salt waterintake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom j) lakes; Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from asalt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from l) a BGM; Water from a salt water intake is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditionalWWTP module; Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Waterfrom a salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water from a salt water intake isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p)heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from a salt water intake isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a salt water intake is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Water from a saltwater intake is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from t) a desalination module; Water from a salt water intake isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u)water for discharge/export; Water from a salt water intake is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) a processingand/or treatment module; and/or Water from a salt water intake isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) athermal plant module. Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) afresh water source; Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) afresh water pretreatment module; Water from a salt water pretreatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom c) a salt water intake; Water from a salt water pretreatment moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) asalt water pretreatment module; Water from a salt water pretreatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a salt waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a salt waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from g) irrigation; Water from a salt water pretreatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom h) firefighting; Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water froma salt water pretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from a salt waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from l) a BGM; Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) atraditional WWTP module; Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) arefinery module; Water from a salt water pretreatment module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module;Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or coolingto the Plan; Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module;Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from a salt water pretreatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from a salt water pretreatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a salt waterpretreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from a) a fresh water source; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from c) a salt water intake; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from f) a water storage module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from a preheating/coolingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom h) firefighting; Water from a preheating/cooling module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains;Water from a preheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from a preheating/coolingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom l) a BGM; Water from a preheating/cooling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditionalWWTP module; Water from a preheating/cooling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinerymodule; Water from a preheating/cooling module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water froma preheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan;Water from a preheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Water from a preheating/coolingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom t) a desalination module; Water from a preheating/cooling module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u)water for discharge/export; Water from a preheating/cooling module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from apreheating/cooling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from a waterstorage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from a) a fresh water source; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) afresh water pretreatment module; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) asalt water intake; Water from a water storage module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from a water storage module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) apreheating/cooling module; Water from a water storage module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a waterstorage module; Water from a water storage module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from awater storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from h) firefighting; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a water storage module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from awater storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from k) cleaning; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from a water storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Waterfrom a water storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from a waterstorage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from o) a BPP module; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p)heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from a water storage module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from a water storage module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a water storage module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Waterfrom a water storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module; Water from awater storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a waterstorage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from awater storage module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from irrigation isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) afresh water source; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake;Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water fromirrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from irrigation isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water fromirrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from h) firefighting; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Water fromirrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from j) lakes; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water fromirrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from l) a BGM; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from irrigationis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) aBPP module; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan;Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from q) a recycling module; Water from irrigation isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) awaste receiving module; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Waterfrom irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from t) a desalination module; Water from irrigation is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from v) a processing and/or treatmentmodule; and/or Water from irrigation is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from a) a fresh water source; Water from firefighting is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake;Water from firefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from firefighting isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from h) firefighting; Water from firefighting is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Waterfrom firefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from j) lakes; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from l) a BGM; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from o) a BPP module; Water from firefighting is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/orcooling to the Plan; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module;Water from firefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from s) a BBPP module; Water from firefighting is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalinationmodule; Water from firefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from u) water for discharge/export; Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water fromfirefighting is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from w) a thermal plant module. Water from fountains is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh watersource; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Waterfrom fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from c) a salt water intake; Water from fountains is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from fountains is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) a preheating/coolingmodule; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from f) a water storage module; Water fromfountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom g) irrigation; Water from fountains is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water fromfountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom i) fountains; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from fountains isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k)cleaning; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from fountains is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditionalWWTP module; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from fountainsis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) aBPP module; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan;Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from q) a recycling module; Water from fountains is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a wastereceiving module; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Water fromfountains is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom t) a desalination module; Water from fountains is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from v) a processing and/or treatmentmodule; and/or Water from fountains is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water fromlakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom a) a fresh water source; Water from lakes is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake; Water fromlakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from lakes is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) apreheating/cooling module; Water from lakes is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a water storage module;Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from g) irrigation; Water from lakes is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water fromlakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom i) fountains; Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from lakes isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k)cleaning; Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from lakes is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from lakes is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module;Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from lakesis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Waterfrom lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from s) a BBPP module; Water from lakes is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from lakes is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from lakes isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from lakes is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermalplant module. Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh water source; Water fromcleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from cleaning isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) asalt water intake; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module;Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from cleaning isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water fromcleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom h) firefighting; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Water fromcleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom j) lakes; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from cleaning isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Water from cleaningis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) arefinery module; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water from cleaningis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p)heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from cleaning is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water fromcleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom s) a BBPP module; Water from cleaning is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from cleaning is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from cleaning isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from cleaning isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) athermal plant module. Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh water source; Water from aBGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromb) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from a BGM is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt waterintake; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from aBGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water frome) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a water storage module;Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from g) irrigation; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water froma BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom i) fountains; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from a BGM isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k)cleaning; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from a BGM is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module;Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from a BGMis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Waterfrom a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from s) a BBPP module; Water from a BGM is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from a BGM is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a BGM isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a BGM is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermalplant module. Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh watersource; Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a traditional WWTP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt waterintake; Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from a traditional WWTP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) apreheating/cooling module; Water from a traditional WWTP module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from a traditional WWTP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation;Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water from atraditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from i) fountains; Water from a traditional WWTP moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j)lakes; Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from atraditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from a traditional WWTP module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) atraditional WWTP module; Water from a traditional WWTP module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) arefinery module; Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module;Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or cooling to thePlan; Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module;Water from a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Waterfrom a traditional WWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Water from a traditionalWWTP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from t) a desalination module; Water from a traditional WWTPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom u) water for discharge/export; Water from a traditional WWTP moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a traditional WWTPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom w) a thermal plant module. Water from a refinery module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh watersource; Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module;Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake; Water from arefinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from a refinerymodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a refinery module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from a refinery module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Waterfrom a refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from h) firefighting; Water from a refinery module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from a refinerymodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom k) cleaning; Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from arefinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from m) a traditional WWTP module; Water from a refinery module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) arefinery module; Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water froma refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from arefinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from q) a recycling module; Water from a refinery module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) awaste receiving module; Water from a refinery module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module;Water from a refinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module; Water from arefinery module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a refinery moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a refinery moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) athermal plant module. Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh water source;Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from aBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from c) a salt water intake; Water from a BPP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) a preheating/coolingmodule; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from f) a water storage module; Water from a BPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom g) irrigation; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water froma BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from i) fountains; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from a BPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom k) cleaning; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from a BPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom m) a traditional WWTP module; Water from a BPP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinerymodule; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water from a BPP module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p)heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from a BPP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from aBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from s) a BBPP module; Water from a BPP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalinationmodule; Water from a BPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from aBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from aBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from w) a thermal plant module. Water from heating and/or coolingto the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from a) a fresh water source; Water from heating and/or cooling tothe Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from heating and/orcooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from c) a salt water intake; Water from heating and/orcooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from heatingand/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from heatingand/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from f) a water storage module; Water from heatingand/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from heating and/or coolingto the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from h) firefighting; Water from heating and/or cooling to thePlan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromi) fountains; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Waterfrom heating and/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from heatingand/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from heating and/or cooling to thePlan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromm) a traditional WWTP module; Water from heating and/or cooling to thePlan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromn) a refinery module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) aBPP module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heatingand/or cooling to the Plan; Water from heating and/or cooling to thePlan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromq) a recycling module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) awaste receiving module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) aBBPP module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from heating and/or cooling to the Plan isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u)water for discharge/export; Water from heating and/or cooling to thePlan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water fromv) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from heatingand/or cooling to the Plan is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from a recyclingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom a) a fresh water source; Water from a recycling module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a recycling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt waterintake; Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module;Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water froma recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a recycling moduleis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g)irrigation; Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water froma recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from i) fountains; Water from a recycling module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Waterfrom a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from k) cleaning; Water from a recycling module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Waterfrom a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from a recyclingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom o) a BPP module; Water from a recycling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/orcooling to the Plan; Water from a recycling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Waterfrom a recycling module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Water from a recycling module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from a recycling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from a recycling module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) a processing and/ortreatment module; and/or Water from a recycling module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) a thermal plantmodule. Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) a fresh water source;Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module;Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake; Water from awaste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from awaste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a wastereceiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a waste receivingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom g) irrigation; Water from a waste receiving module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting;Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Water from a wastereceiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from j) lakes; Water from a waste receiving module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k)cleaning; Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) a BGM; Water from awaste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Water from a wastereceiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from n) a refinery module; Water from a waste receivingmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom o) a BPP module; Water from a waste receiving module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heatingand/or cooling to the Plan; Water from a waste receiving module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) arecycling module; Water from a waste receiving module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a waste receiving module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Waterfrom a waste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module; Water from awaste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a wastereceiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Waterfrom a waste receiving module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from aBBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from a) a fresh water source; Water from a BBPP module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt water intake;Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from aBBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a BBPP module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) awater storage module; Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from aBBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from h) firefighting; Water from a BBPP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Waterfrom a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from j) lakes; Water from a BBPP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from k) cleaning; Waterfrom a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from l) a BGM; Water from a BBPP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditionalWWTP module; Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from aBBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from o) a BPP module; Water from a BBPP module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/orcooling to the Plan; Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module;Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from a BBPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom s) a BBPP module; Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from a BBPP module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a BBPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a BBPPmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom w) a thermal plant module. Water from a desalination module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) afresh water source; Water from a desalination module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) a fresh waterpretreatment module; Water from a desalination module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from c) a salt waterintake; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from d) a salt waterpretreatment module; Water from a desalination module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from e) apreheating/cooling module; Water from a desalination module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a waterstorage module; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from adesalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from h) firefighting; Water from a desalination module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i)fountains; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from adesalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from k) cleaning; Water from a desalination module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTP module; Waterfrom a desalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from n) a refinery module; Water from a desalinationmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom o) a BPP module; Water from a desalination module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/orcooling to the Plan; Water from a desalination module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a desalination module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module; Waterfrom a desalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from t) a desalination module; Water from adesalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from u) water for discharge/export; Water from a desalinationmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom v) a processing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from adesalination module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from a) a fresh water source; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from waterfor discharge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from c) a salt water intake; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from waterfor discharge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from g) irrigation; Water from water for discharge/export isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h)firefighting; Water from water for discharge/export is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Waterfrom water for discharge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from k) cleaning; Water from water for discharge/export isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from water for discharge/export is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from water for discharge/export is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Waterfrom water for discharge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from waterfor discharge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from q) a recycling module; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from water fordischarge/export is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from s) a BBPP module; Water from water for discharge/exportis provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from water for discharge/export is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from water for discharge/export is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) a processingand/or treatment module; and/or Water from water for discharge/export isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from w) athermal plant module. Water from a processing and/or treatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from a) afresh water source; Water from a processing and/or treatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from b) afresh water pretreatment module; Water from a processing and/ortreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from c) a salt water intake; Water from a processing and/ortreatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from aprocessing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Waterfrom a processing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from f) a water storage module;Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from g) irrigation; Water from aprocessing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from h) firefighting; Water from aprocessing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Water from a processingand/or treatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from j) lakes; Water from a processing and/or treatmentmodule is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with waterfrom k) cleaning; Water from a processing and/or treatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditionalWWTP module; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinerymodule; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module;Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from p) heating and/or coolingto the Plan; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is providedto, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from q) a recyclingmodule; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from r) a waste receivingmodule; Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from s) a BBPP module;Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) a desalination module;Water from a processing and/or treatment module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u) water fordischarge/export; Water from a processing and/or treatment module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a processingand/or treatment module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/ormixed with water from w) a thermal plant module. Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from a) a fresh water source; Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from b) a fresh water pretreatment module; Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from c) a salt water intake; Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from d) a salt water pretreatment module; Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from e) a preheating/cooling module; Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from f) a water storage module; Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from g) irrigation; Water from a thermal plant module module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from h)firefighting; Water from a thermal plant module module is provided to,and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from i) fountains; Waterfrom a thermal plant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from j) lakes; Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from k) cleaning; Water from a thermal plant module module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from l) aBGM; Water from a thermal plant module module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from m) a traditional WWTPmodule; Water from a thermal plant module module is provided to, and/orreclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from n) a refinery module; Waterfrom a thermal plant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimedfrom, and/or mixed with water from o) a BPP module; Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from p) heating and/or cooling to the Plan; Water from athermal plant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from,and/or mixed with water from q) a recycling module; Water from a thermalplant module module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixedwith water from r) a waste receiving module; Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from s) a BBPP module; Water from a thermal plant module module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from t) adesalination module; Water from a thermal plant module module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from u)water for discharge/export; Water from a thermal plant module module isprovided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed with water from v) aprocessing and/or treatment module; and/or Water from a thermal plantmodule module is provided to, and/or reclaimed from, and/or mixed withwater from w) a thermal plant module.

TABLE 3 Any combination herein is optionally collocated: A thermal plantmodule provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A thermal plant moduleprovides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A thermal plant moduleprovides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A thermal plant moduleprovides carbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; Athermal plant module provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxidestorage module; A thermal plant module provides carbon dioxide to f) aBBPP module; A thermal plant module provides carbon dioxide to g) adesalination module; and/or A thermal plant module provides carbondioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. A sludge processingmodule provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A sludge processing moduleprovides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A sludge processingmodule provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A sludge processingmodule provides carbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; Asludge processing module provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxidestorage module; A sludge processing module provides carbon dioxide to f)a BBPP module; A sludge processing module provides carbon dioxide to g)a desalination module; and/or A sludge processing module provides carbondioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. A traditional WWTPmodule provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A traditional WWTP moduleprovides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A traditional WWTPmodule provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A traditional WWTPmodule provides carbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; Atraditional WWTP module provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxidestorage module; A traditional WWTP module provides carbon dioxide to f)a BBPP module; A traditional WWTP module provides carbon dioxide to g) adesalination module; and/or A traditional WWTP module provides carbondioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. A carbon dioxide storagemodule provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A carbon dioxide storagemodule provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A carbon dioxidestorage module provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A carbondioxide storage module provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; A carbon dioxide storage module providescarbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; A carbon dioxidestorage module provides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; A carbondioxide storage module provides carbon dioxide to g) a desalinationmodule; and/or A carbon dioxide storage module provides carbon dioxideto h) a discharge and/or export module. An ambient carbon dioxidesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; An ambient carbon dioxidesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; An ambientcarbon dioxide source(s) provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; Anambient carbon dioxide source(s) provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; An ambient carbon dioxide source(s)provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; Anambient carbon dioxide source(s) provides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPPmodule; An ambient carbon dioxide source(s) provides carbon dioxide tog) a desalination module; and/or An ambient carbon dioxide source(s)provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. Apurification module provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A purificationmodule provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A purificationmodule provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A purification moduleprovides carbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; Apurification module provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxidestorage module; A purification module provides carbon dioxide to f) aBBPP module; A purification module provides carbon dioxide to g) adesalination module; and/or A purification module provides carbondioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. A refinery moduleprovides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A refinery module provides carbondioxide to b) a refinery module; A refinery module provides carbondioxide to c) a BPP module; A refinery module provides carbon dioxide tod) a purification/processing module; A refinery module provides carbondioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; A refinery moduleprovides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; A refinery module providescarbon dioxide to g) a desalination module; and/or A refinery moduleprovides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. A BPPmodule provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A BPP module provides carbondioxide to b) a refinery module; A BPP module provides carbon dioxide toc) a BPP module; A BPP module provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; A BPP module provides carbon dioxide toe) a carbon dioxide storage module; A BPP module provides carbon dioxideto f) a BBPP module; A BPP module provides carbon dioxide to g) adesalination module; and/or A BPP module provides carbon dioxide to h) adischarge and/or export module. A supercritical fluids extraction moduleprovides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A supercritical fluids extractionmodule provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A supercriticalfluids extraction module provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; Asupercritical fluids extraction module provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; A supercritical fluids extraction moduleprovides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; Asupercritical fluids extraction module provides carbon dioxide to f) aBBPP module; A supercritical fluids extraction module provides carbondioxide to g) a desalination module; and/or A supercritical fluidsextraction module provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/orexport module. A gasification module provides carbon dioxide to a) aBGM; A gasification module provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinerymodule; A gasification module provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPPmodule; A gasification module provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; A gasification module provides carbondioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; A gasification moduleprovides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; A gasification moduleprovides carbon dioxide to g) a desalination module; and/or Agasification module provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/orexport module. A BGM provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A BGM providescarbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A BGM provides carbon dioxide toc) a BPP module; A BGM provides carbon dioxide to d) apurification/processing module; A BGM provides carbon dioxide to e) acarbon dioxide storage module; A BGM provides carbon dioxide to f) aBBPP module; A BGM provides carbon dioxide to g) a desalination module;and/or A BGM provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/or exportmodule. A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module provides carbondioxide to a) a BGM; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol moduleprovides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPPmodule; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module provides carbondioxide to d) a purification/processing module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbondioxide storage module; A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol moduleprovides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; A cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module provides carbon dioxide to g) adesalination module; and/or A cellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanolmodule provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/or export module. Alandfill module provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; A landfill moduleprovides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; A landfill moduleprovides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; A landfill module providescarbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; A landfill moduleprovides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module; Alandfill module provides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; A landfillmodule provides carbon dioxide to g) a desalination module; and/or Alandfill module provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/or exportmodule. Offsite source(s) provides carbon dioxide to a) a BGM; Offsitesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to b) a refinery module; Offsitesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to c) a BPP module; Offsite source(s)provides carbon dioxide to d) a purification/processing module; Offsitesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to e) a carbon dioxide storage module;Offsite source(s) provides carbon dioxide to f) a BBPP module; Offsitesource(s) provides carbon dioxide to g) a desalination module; and/orOffsite source(s) provides carbon dioxide to h) a discharge and/orexport module.

TABLE 4 Any combination herein is optionally collocated: A desalinationmodule supplies pressure to a) a desalination module; A desalinationmodule supplies pressure to b) a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module; A desalination module supplies pressure toc) a BBPP module; A desalination module supplies pressure to d) an HTPmodule(s) or processes; A desalination module supplies pressure to e) apressure generated to create movement of substances of any kind in thePlan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; Adesalination module supplies pressure to f) a refinery module; Adesalination module supplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or Adesalination module supplies pressure to h) a power generation module -the system and/or method comprising capturing fluid pressure from amodule a-h and directing a portion of that fluid pressure to anothermodule a-h. A thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processesmodule supplies pressure to a) a desalination module; A thermal plantheat and/or pressure-intensive processes module supplies pressure to b)a thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module; Athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module suppliespressure to c) a BBPP module; A thermal plant heat and/orpressure-intensive processes module supplies pressure to d) an HTPmodule(s) or processes; A thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensiveprocesses module supplies pressure to e) a pressure generated to createmovement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turning aturbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance; A thermal plant heat and/orpressure-intensive processes module supplies pressure to f) a refinerymodule; A thermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes modulesupplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or A thermal plant heat and/orpressure-intensive processes module supplies pressure to h) a powergeneration module - the system and/or method comprising: capturing fluidpressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h. A BBPP module supplies pressure to a) adesalination module; A BBPP module supplies pressure to b) a thermalplant heat and/or pressure- intensive processes module; A BBPP modulesupplies pressure to c) a BBPP module; A BBPP module supplies pressureto d) an HTP module(s) or processes; A BBPP module supplies pressure toe) a pressure generated to create movement of substances of any kind inthe Plan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; A BBPPmodule supplies pressure to f) a refinery module; A BBPP module suppliespressure to g) a BPP module; and/or A BBPP module supplies pressure toh) a power generation module - the system and/or method comprising:capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion ofthat fluid pressure to another module a-h. An HTP module(s) or processessupplies pressure to a) a desalination module; An HTP module(s) orprocesses supplies pressure to a) a desalination module; An HTPmodule(s) or processes supplies pressure to b) a thermal plant heatand/or pressure-intensive processes module; An HTP module(s) orprocesses supplies pressure to c) a BBPP module; An HTP module(s) orprocesses supplies pressure to d) an HTP module(s) or processes; An HTPmodule(s) or processes supplies pressure to e) a pressure generated tocreate movement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turninga turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance; An HTP module(s) or processessupplies pressure to f) a refinery module; An HTP module(s) or processessupplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or An HTP module(s) orprocesses supplies pressure to h) a power generation module - the systemand/or method comprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h anddirecting a portion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h. Apressure generated to create movement of substances of any kind in thePlan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyancesupplies pressure to a) a desalination module; A pressure generated tocreate movement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turninga turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance supplies pressure to b) athermal plant heat and/or pressure-intensive processes module; Apressure generated to create movement of substances of any kind in thePlan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing apump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyancesupplies pressure to c) a BBPP module; A pressure generated to createmovement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turning aturbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance supplies pressure to d) an HTPmodule(s) or processes; A pressure generated to create movement ofsubstances of any kind in the Plan module by turning a turbine, creatinga vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurized substanceinto a conveyance supplies pressure to e) a pressure generated to createmovement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turning aturbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance; A pressure generated to createmovement of substances of any kind in the Plan module by turning aturbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing apressurized substance into a conveyance supplies pressure to f) arefinery module; A pressure generated to create movement of substancesof any kind in the Plan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum,pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into aconveyance supplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or A pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump,and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance suppliespressure to h) a power generation module - the system and/or methodcomprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing aportion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h. A refinery modulesupplies pressure to a) a desalination module; A refinery modulesupplies pressure to b) a thermal plant heat and/or pressure- intensiveprocesses module; A refinery module supplies pressure to c) a BBPPmodule; A refinery module supplies pressure to d) an HTP module(s) orprocesses; A refinery module supplies pressure to e) a pressuregenerated to create movement of substances of any kind in the Planmodule by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizing a pump,and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; A refinerymodule supplies pressure to f) a refinery module; A refinery modulesupplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or A refinery module suppliespressure to h) a power generation module - the system and/or methodcomprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing aportion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h. A BPP modulesupplies pressure to a) a desalination module; A BPP module suppliespressure to b) a thermal plant heat and/or pressure- intensive processesmodule; A BPP module supplies pressure to c) a BBPP module; A BPP modulesupplies pressure to d) an HTP module(s) or processes; A BPP modulesupplies pressure to e) a pressure generated to create movement ofsubstances of any kind in the Plan module by turning a turbine, creatinga vacuum, pressurizing a pump, and/or directing a pressurized substanceinto a conveyance; A BPP module supplies pressure to f) a refinerymodule; A BPP module supplies pressure to g) a BPP module; and/or A BPPmodule supplies pressure to h) a power generation module - the systemand/or method comprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h anddirecting a portion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h. Apower generation module - the system and/or method comprising: capturingfluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to a) a desalinationmodule; A power generation module - the system and/or method comprising:capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion ofthat fluid pressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to b) athermal plant heat and/or pressure- intensive processes module; A powergeneration module - the system and/or method comprising: capturing fluidpressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to c) a BBPP module; Apower generation module - the system and/or method comprising: capturingfluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to d) an HTP module(s)or processes; A power generation module - the system and/or methodcomprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing aportion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h supplies pressureto e) a pressure generated to create movement of substances of any kindin the Plan module by turning a turbine, creating a vacuum, pressurizinga pump, and/or directing a pressurized substance into a conveyance; Apower generation module - the system and/or method comprising: capturingfluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion of that fluidpressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to f) a refinerymodule; A power generation module - the system and/or method comprising:capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion ofthat fluid pressure to another module a-h supplies pressure to g) a BPPmodule; and/or A power generation module - the system and/or methodcomprising: capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing aportion of that fluid pressure to another module a-h supplies pressureto h) a power generation module - the system and/or method comprising:capturing fluid pressure from a module a-h and directing a portion ofthat fluid pressure to another module a-h.

We claim:
 1. A method of using and reclaiming heat and/or cooling from athermal plant module comprising: generating heat and/or cooling at thethermal plant module; transmitting heat and/or cooling to a biomassgrowth module (BGM); and using all or a portion of the heat and/orcooling in the thermal plant module and/or in the BGM.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the method further comprises growingbiomass in the BGM.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein heatand/or cooling is further provided to and/or reclaimed from: a. arefinery module; b. a BPP module; c. an air conditioning/heating module;d. a recycling module; e. a BBPP module; f. a products storage module;g. a desalination module; h. a waste to energy module; i. a biogasstorage module; j. a heat/cooling storage module; k. a heat/coolingrecovery module; l. heating/cooling external to or apart from themethod; m. heating/cooling for discharge; n. biomass products; o. agasification module; p. processing of biofuel; and/or q. systemsoptionally comprised by the thermal plant module selected from: i. apyrolysis processes module; ii. a hydrothermal processing module; iii. acellulosic ethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or iv. adesorber/condenser module.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein heat and/orcooling reclaimed from any one or more of modules a.-q. is provided toany one or more of modules a.-q.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein thethermal plant module and the BGM are collocated.
 6. The method of claim3 wherein any one or more of modules a.-q. are collocated.
 7. The methodof claim 3 wherein outputs of heat and/or cooling from any one ofmodules a.-q. share heating and/or cooling transmission modules and/ortechnologies, and/or heat and/or cooling storage module(s) and/orunit(s).
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of transmittingincludes transmitting heat from the thermal plant module as a heatedfluid.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the heated fluid is fed directlyor in part as a water source and/or gas source to the BGM, a BGU, and/orany subunit of a BGU.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the heated fluidis configured to provide heat transfer to the BGM, a BGU, and/or anysubunit of a BGU without direct interaction with the BGM.
 11. The methodof claim 1 wherein cooling is provided to the BGM, by cogeneratingcooling using heat from the thermal plant module.
 12. The method ofclaim 1 wherein heat is reclaimed from exhaust gases generated by thethermal plant module and/or from cooling fluid output from the thermalplant module.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein heat is reclaimed fromcooling fluid output from the thermal plant module and the cooling fluidis cooling a power cycle comprising one or more of: a. a Rankine cycle;b. a Simple cycle; c. a Combined cycle; and/or d. an Open Rankine cycle.14. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is performed in systemcomprising the thermal plant module and the biomass growth module (BGM)that grows biomass.
 15. A system configured to use and reclaim heatand/or cooling from a thermal plant module using the method of claim 1,wherein the reclaimed heat and/or cooling is provided in whole or inpart to a biomass growth module (BGM) that grows biomass.
 16. The systemaccording to claim 15 wherein the system is further configured toprovide heat and/or cooling to and/or to reclaim heat and/or coolingfrom: a. a refinery module; b. a BPP module; c. an airconditioning/heating module; d. a recycling module; e. a BBPP module; f.a products storage module; g. a desalination module; h. a waste toenergy module; i. a biogas storage module; j. a heat/cooling storagemodule; k. a heat/cooling recovery module; l. offsite heating/cooling;m. heating/cooling for discharge; n. biomass products; o. a gasificationmodule; p. processing of biofuel; and/or q. systems optionally comprisedby the thermal plant module selected from: i. a pyrolysis processesmodule; ii. a hydrothermal processing module; iii. a cellulosicethanol/butanol/isobutanol module; and/or iv. a desorber/condensermodule.
 17. The system of claim 16 wherein heat and/or cooling reclaimedfrom any one or more of modules a.-q. as described is provided to anyone or more of modules a.-q.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein thethermal plant module and the BGM are collocated.
 19. The system of claim16 wherein any two or more of modules a.-q. as described in claim 2 arecollocated.
 20. The system of claim 15 wherein the thermal plant moduleis configured to supply waste heat to heat the BGM.
 21. The system ofclaim 20 wherein the thermal plant module is configured to dischargewaste heat as a heated fluid.
 22. The system of claim 21 wherein theheated fluid is fed directly or in part as a water source and/or gassource to the BGM, a BGU, and/or any subunit of a BGU.
 23. The system ofclaim 21 wherein the heated fluid is configured to provide heat transferto the BGM, a BGU, and/or any subunit of a BGU without directinteraction with the BGM.
 24. The system of claim 16, wherein outputs ofheat and/or cooling from any one of modules a.-q. share heating and/orcooling transmission modules and/or technologies, and/or heat and/orcooling storage module(s) and/or unit(s).
 25. The system of claim 15 inwhich cooling is provided to the BGM, wherein the cooling is provided bya cogenerated cooling module which uses heat from the thermal plantmodule to provide cooling to the BGM.
 26. The system of claim 16 whereinthe thermal plant module is configured to discharge waste heat as aheated fluid to heat the BGM.
 27. The system of claim 26 wherein theheated fluid is fed directly or in part as a water source and/or gassource to the BGM, a BGU, and/or any subunit of a BGU and/or any of theother modules a.-q.
 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the heated fluidis configured to provide heat transfer to the BGM, a BGU, and/or anysubunit of a BGU without direct interaction with the BGM and/or any ofthe other modules a.-q.
 29. The system of claim 16 in which cooling isprovided to the BGM, wherein the cooling is provided by a cogeneratedcooling module which uses heat from the thermal plant module to providecooling to the BGM and/or the other modules a.-q.
 30. The system ofclaim 15 wherein heat is reclaimed from either exhaust gases generatedby the thermal plant module and/or from cooling fluid output from thethermal plant module.
 31. The system of claim 30 wherein heat isreclaimed from cooling fluid output from the thermal plant module andthe cooling fluid is cooling a power cycle comprising one or more of: a.a Rankine cycle; b. a Simple cycle; c. a Combined cycle; and/or d. anOpen Rankine cycle.